{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:42:15Z","timestamp":1791891735959,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fertility is a dynamic, multifactorial process governed by hormonal, immune, metabolic, and environmental factors. Recent evidence highlights the gut microbiota as a key systemic regulator of reproductive health, with notable impacts on endometrial function, implantation, pregnancy maintenance, and the timing of birth. This review examines the gut\u2013endometrial axis, focusing on how gut microbial communities influence reproductive biology through molecular signaling pathways. We discuss the modulatory roles of microbial-derived metabolites\u2014including short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, and tryptophan catabolites\u2014in shaping immune tolerance, estrogen metabolism, and epithelial integrity at the uterine interface. Emphasis is placed on shared mechanisms such as \u03b2-glucuronidase-mediated estrogen recycling, Toll-like receptor (TLR)-driven inflammation, Th17\/Treg cell imbalance, and microbial translocation, which collectively implicate dysbiosis in the etiology of gynecological disorders including endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), recurrent implantation failure (RIF), preeclampsia (PE), and preterm birth (PTB). Although most current evidence remains correlational, emerging insights from metagenomic and metabolomic profiling, along with microbiota-depletion models and Mendelian randomization studies, underscore the biological significance of gut-reproductive crosstalk. By integrating concepts from microbiology, immunology, and reproductive molecular biology, this review offers a systems-level perspective on host\u2013microbiota interactions in female fertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15050762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T09:56:19Z","timestamp":1746784579000},"page":"762","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["The Role of the Gut Microbiota in Female Reproductive and Gynecological Health: Insights into Endometrial Signaling Pathways"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Patricia","family":"Escorcia Mora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Department, Igenomix (Part of Vitrolife Group), Ronda de Narc\u00eds Monturiol, n\u00ba11, B, Edificios Europark, Parque Tecnol\u00f3gico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0742-3669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Valbuena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Department, Igenomix (Part of Vitrolife Group), Ronda de Narc\u00eds Monturiol, n\u00ba11, B, Edificios Europark, Parque Tecnol\u00f3gico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0166-1869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Diez-Juan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Department, Igenomix (Part of Vitrolife Group), Ronda de Narc\u00eds Monturiol, n\u00ba11, B, Edificios Europark, Parque Tecnol\u00f3gico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"134","article-title":"Beyond the Reproductive Tract: Gut Microbiome and Its Influence on Gynecological Health","volume":"36","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elkafas, H., Walls, M., Al-Hendy, A., and Ismail, N. (2022). Gut and Genital Tract Microbiomes: Dysbiosis and Link to Gynecological Disorders. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1059825"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.09.005","article-title":"Don\u2019t Trust Your Gut: When Gut Microbiota Disrupt Fertility","volume":"30","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2017.06.025","article-title":"Estrogen-Gut Microbiome Axis: Physiological and Clinical Implications","volume":"103","author":"Baker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, W., Sun, S., and Fu, Q. (2025). The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acid in Metabolic Syndrome and Its Complications: Focusing on Immunity and Inflammation. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1519925"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konopelski, P., and Mogilnicka, I. (2022). Biological Effects of Indole-3-Propionic Acid, a Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolite, and Its Precursor Tryptophan in Mammals\u2019 Health and Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031222"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R85","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-15-0469","article-title":"The Role of Bile Acids in Metabolic Regulation","volume":"228","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113627","article-title":"The Gut-Reproductive Axis: Bridging Microbiota Balances to Reproductive Health and Fetal Development","volume":"144","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamamah, S., Barry, F., Vannier, S., Anahory, T., Haahtela, T., Ant\u00f3, J.M., Chapron, C., Ayoubi, J.-M., Czarlewski, W., and Bousquet, J. (2024). Infertility, IL-17, IL-33 and Microbiome Cross-Talk: The Extended ARIA-MeDALL Hypothesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252211981"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1489","article-title":"Washed Microbiota Transplantation Improves the Fertility of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"135","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1600266","article-title":"The Human Intestinal Microbiome in Health and Disease","volume":"375","author":"Lynch","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11971","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002601107","article-title":"Delivery Mode Shapes the Acquisition and Structure of the Initial Microbiota across Multiple Body Habitats in Newborns","volume":"107","author":"Costello","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4142","article-title":"The Microbiome in Early Life: Implications for Health Outcomes","volume":"22","author":"Tamburini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Odamaki, T., Kato, K., Sugahara, H., Hashikura, N., Takahashi, S., Xiao, J.-Z., Abe, F., and Osawa, R. (2016). Age-Related Changes in Gut Microbiota Composition from Newborn to Centenarian: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-016-0708-5"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00605-x","article-title":"The Gut Microbiome as a Modulator of Healthy Ageing","volume":"19","author":"Ghosh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2024.105309","article-title":"Gut Microb-Aging and Its Relevance to Frailty Aging","volume":"26","author":"Vergnolle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41435-021-00126-8","article-title":"The Aging Gut Microbiome and Its Impact on Host Immunity","volume":"22","author":"Bosco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genes. Immun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1208344","article-title":"Linking Long-Term Dietary Patterns with Gut Microbial Enterotypes","volume":"334","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359677","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2359677","article-title":"The Human Gut Microbiome and Aging","volume":"16","author":"Bradley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12820","article-title":"Diet Rapidly and Reproducibly Alters the Human Gut Microbiome","volume":"505","author":"David","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3663","article-title":"The Effect of Host Genetics on the Gut Microbiome","volume":"48","author":"Bonder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karbownik, M.S., Mokros, \u0141., Dobielska, M., Kowalczyk, M., and Kowalczyk, E. (2022). Association Between Consumption of Fermented Food and Food-Derived Prebiotics With Cognitive Performance, Depressive, and Anxiety Symptoms in Psychiatrically Healthy Medical Students Under Psychological Stress: A Prospective Cohort Study. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.850249"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clauss, M., G\u00e9rard, P., Mosca, A., and Leclerc, M. (2021). Interplay Between Exercise and Gut Microbiome in the Context of Human Health and Performance. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.637010"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0495-2","article-title":"Supplementation with Akkermansia Muciniphila in Overweight and Obese Human Volunteers: A Proof-of-Concept Exploratory Study","volume":"25","author":"Depommier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castellanos, N., Diez, G.G., Ant\u00fanez-Almagro, C., Bail\u00e9n, M., Bressa, C., Gonz\u00e1lez Soltero, R., P\u00e9rez, M., and Larrosa, M. (2019). A Critical Mutualism\u2014Competition Interplay Underlies the Loss of Microbial Diversity in Sedentary Lifestyle. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.03142"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, L., Li, W., Ling, L., Zhang, Z., Cui, Z., Ge, J., Wang, Y., Meng, Q., Wang, Y., and Liu, K. (2023). A Sedentary Lifestyle Changes the Composition and Predicted Functions of the Gut Bacterial and Fungal Microbiota of Subjects from the Same Company. Curr. Microbiol., 80.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-023-03480-0"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karl, J.P., Hatch, A.M., Arcidiacono, S.M., Pearce, S.C., Pantoja-Feliciano, I.G., Doherty, L.A., and Soares, J.W. (2018). Effects of Psychological, Environmental and Physical Stressors on the Gut Microbiota. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02013"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318427","article-title":"The Leaky Gut: Mechanisms, Measurement and Clinical Implications in Humans","volume":"68","author":"Camilleri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doenyas, C., Clarke, G., and Cserj\u00e9si, R. (2025). Gut\u2013Brain Axis and Neuropsychiatric Health: Recent Advances. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-86858-3"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashonibare, V.J., Akorede, B.A., Ashonibare, P.J., Akhigbe, T.M., and Akhigbe, R.E. (2024). Gut Microbiota-Gonadal Axis: The Impact of Gut Microbiota on Reproductive Functions. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1346035"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-00763-1","article-title":"Large-Scale Association Analyses Identify Host Factors Influencing Human Gut Microbiome Composition","volume":"53","author":"Kurilshikov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5206","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18871-1","article-title":"Health and Disease Markers Correlate with Gut Microbiome Composition across Thousands of People","volume":"11","author":"Manor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236749","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2236749","article-title":"Gut Microbial Beta-Glucuronidase: A Vital Regulator in Female Estrogen Metabolism","volume":"15","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schiffer, L., Barnard, L., Baranowski, E.S., Gilligan, L.C., Taylor, A.E., Arlt, W., Shackleton, C.H.L., and Storbeck, K.-H. (2019). Human Steroid Biosynthesis, Metabolism and Excretion Are Differentially Reflected by Serum and Urine Steroid Metabolomes: A Comprehensive Review. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 194.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2019.105439"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Murga, M.L., Gil-Ortiz, F., Serrano-Garc\u00eda, L., and Llombart-Cussac, A. (2023). A New Paradigm in the Relationship between Gut Microbiota and Breast Cancer: \u03b2-Glucuronidase Enzyme Identified as Potential Therapeutic Target. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202307.0979.v1"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02767.x","article-title":"Estrogen Production and Metabolism in Endometriosis","volume":"955","author":"Bulun","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scarf\u00f2, G., Daniele, S., Chelucci, E., Papini, F., Epifani, F., Ruggiero, M., Cela, V., Franzoni, F., and Artini, P.G. (2024). Endometrial Dysbiosis: A Possible Association with Estrobolome Alteration. Biomolecules, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14101325"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2022.111572","article-title":"Short Chain Fatty Acids: Microbial Metabolites for Gut-Brain Axis Signalling","volume":"546","author":"Collins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forte, N., Marfella, B., Nicois, A., Palomba, L., Paris, D., Motta, A., Pina Mollica, M., Di Marzo, V., and Cristino, L. (2024). The Short-Chain Fatty Acid Acetate Modulates Orexin\/Hypocretin Neurons: A Novel Mechanism in Gut-Brain Axis Regulation of Energy Homeostasis and Feeding. Biochem. Pharmacol., 226.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2024.116383"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2024.112281","article-title":"Microbial Endocrinology: Host Metabolism and Appetite Hormones Interaction with Gut Microbiome","volume":"592","author":"Ashraf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2024.104418","article-title":"The Role of Reproductive Tract Microbiota in Gynecological Health and Diseases","volume":"167","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garmendia, J.V., De Sanctis, C.V., Hajd\u00fach, M., and De Sanctis, J.B. (2024). Microbiota and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL); More than a Simple Connection. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202407.0685.v1"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-021-00199-3","article-title":"Interactions between Gut Microbiota and Metabolites Modulate Cytokine Network Imbalances in Women with Unexplained Miscarriage","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2024.104251","article-title":"The Microbiome in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss\u2014A Scoping Review","volume":"163","author":"Vomstein","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e24571","article-title":"Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites Associate with Circulating Immune Cell Subsets in Unexplained Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1785-z","article-title":"Bile Acid Metabolites Control TH17 and Treg Cell Differentiation","volume":"576","author":"Hang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beni, F.A., Saffarfar, H., Elhami, A., and Kazemi, M. (2024). Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis: A Neglected Risk Factor for Male and Female Fertility. Cell. Microbiol., 2024.","DOI":"10.1155\/cmi\/7808354"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894070","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1894070","article-title":"The Impact of the Gut Microbiota on the Reproductive and Metabolic Endocrine System","volume":"13","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.03.032","article-title":"Gut Dysbiosis-Derived \u03b2-Glucuronidase Promotes the Development of Endometriosis","volume":"120","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pai, A.H.-Y., Wang, Y.-W., Lu, P.-C., Wu, H.-M., Xu, J.-L., and Huang, H.-Y. (2023). Gut Microbiome\u2013Estrobolome Profile in Reproductive-Age Women with Endometriosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216301"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez-Pavez, T.N., Mart\u00ednez-Esparza, M., Ruiz-Alcaraz, A.J., Mar\u00edn-S\u00e1nchez, P., Machado-Linde, F., and Garc\u00eda-Pe\u00f1arrubia, P. (2021). The Role of Peritoneal Macrophages in Endometriosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910792"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S., Liu, Y., Zhong, Z., Wei, C., Liu, Y., and Zhu, X. (2023). Peritoneal Immune Microenvironment of Endometriosis: Role and Therapeutic Perspectives. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1134663"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.04.038","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-Promoted Proliferation of Endometriotic Stromal Cells via Induction of Tumor Necrosis Factor \u03b1 and Interleukin-8 Expression","volume":"82","author":"Iba","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(97)70553-2","article-title":"Increased Interleukin-6 Levels in Peritoneal Fluid of Infertile Patients with Active Endometriosis","volume":"176","author":"Harada","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(98)00049-1","article-title":"Pathogenetic Significance of Increased Levels of Interleukin-8 in the Peritoneal Fluid of Patients with Endometriosis","volume":"69","author":"Iwabe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-199011000-00013","article-title":"Effect of Peritoneal Fluid from Endometriosis Patients on Endometrial Stromal Cell Proliferation in Vitro","volume":"76","author":"Surrey","year":"1990","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202101224","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202101224","article-title":"Gut Microbiota\u2013Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids Protect against the Progression of Endometriosis","volume":"4","author":"Chadchan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci. Alliance"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103792","article-title":"Sodium Butyrate Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Endometritis in Mice through Inhibiting Inflammatory Response","volume":"137","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-024-01505-0","article-title":"The Dynamic Shifts of IL-10-Producing Th17 and IL-17-Producing Treg in Health and Disease: A Crosstalk between Ancient \u201cYin-Yang\u201d Theory and Modern Immunology","volume":"22","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3206","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00052","article-title":"Exacerbation of Endometriosis Due To Regulatory T-Cell Dysfunction","volume":"102","author":"Tanaka","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-023-01309-0","article-title":"Gut Microbiota and Microbiota-Derived Metabolites Promotes Endometriosis","volume":"9","author":"Chadchan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mor, A., Tankiewicz-Kwedlo, A., Ciwun, M., Lewkowicz, J., and Pawlak, D. (2024). Kynurenines as a Novel Target for the Treatment of Inflammatory Disorders. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13151259"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(00)01752-0","article-title":"Interleukin 1\u03b2, Interleukin-6, and Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 in Endometriotic Tissue and in Endometrium","volume":"75","author":"Bergqvist","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2024.09.006","article-title":"Identification of Distinct Stool Metabolites in Women with Endometriosis for Non-Invasive Diagnosis and Potential for Microbiota-Based Therapies","volume":"6","author":"Talwar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, J., Ling, X., Liu, L., Jiang, A., Ren, C., Lu, C., and Yu, Z. (2023). Emerging Hallmarks of Endometriosis Metabolism: A Promising Target for the Treatment of Endometriosis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)\u2014Mol. Cell Res., 1870.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2022.119381"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadd1531","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.add1531","article-title":"Fusobacterium Infection Facilitates the Development of Endometriosis through the Phenotypic Transition of Endometrial Fibroblasts","volume":"15","author":"Muraoka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17979","article-title":"Oral, Vaginal, and Stool Microbial Signatures in Patients With Endometriosis as Potential Diagnostic Non-Invasive Biomarkers: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"132","author":"Hicks","year":"2025","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-02153","article-title":"Gut Microbial Diversity in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Correlates With Hyperandrogenism","volume":"103","author":"Torres","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olaniyi, K.S., Bashir, A.M., Areloegbe, S.E., Sabinari, I.W., Akintayo, C.O., Oniyide, A.A., and Aturamu, A. (2022). Short Chain Fatty Acid, Acetate Restores Ovarian Function in Experimentally Induced PCOS Rat Model. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272124"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, J., Chaudhary, H., Rajput, K., Parekh, B., and Joshi, R. (2023). Assessment of Gut Microbial \u03b2-Glucuronidase and \u03b2-Glucosidase Activity in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39168-5"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, F., Deng, Y., Zhou, M., Tang, R., Zhang, P., and Chen, R. (2024). Fecal Microbiota Transplantation from Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Induces Metabolic Disorders and Ovarian Dysfunction in Germ-Free Mice. BMC Microbiol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03513-z"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinelli, S., Nannini, G., Cianchi, F., Staderini, F., Coratti, F., and Amedei, A. (2023). Microbiota Transplant and Gynecological Disorders: The Bridge between Present and Future Treatments. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11102407"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, J., Gao, W., and Li, D. (2023). Recurrent Implantation Failure: A Comprehensive Summary from Etiology to Treatment. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1061766"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, N., Patel, N., Pal, S., Nathani, N., Pandit, R., Patel, M., Patel, N., Joshi, C., and Parekh, B. (2022). Distinct Gut and Vaginal Microbiota Profile in Women with Recurrent Implantation Failure and Unexplained Infertility. BMC Womens Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-022-01681-6"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2964","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der301","article-title":"An Imbalance in Interleukin-17-Producing T and Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells in Women with Idiopathic Recurrent Pregnancy Loss","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balla, B., Ill\u00e9s, A., Tobi\u00e1s, B., Pik\u00f3, H., Beke, A., Sipos, M., Lakatos, P., and K\u00f3sa, J.P. (2024). The Role of the Vaginal and Endometrial Microbiomes in Infertility and Their Impact on Pregnancy Outcomes in Light of Recent Literature. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252313227"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhutta, N.K., Xu, X., Jian, C., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Sun, J., Han, B., Wu, S., and Javeed, A. (2024). Gut Microbiota Mediated T Cells Regulation and Autoimmune Diseases. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1477187"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.02.009","article-title":"Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) DQ2\/DQ8 Prevalence in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Women","volume":"15","author":"Gasbarrini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deae280","article-title":"Association between Antinuclear Antibodies and Pregnancy Prognosis in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Patients","volume":"40","author":"Yoshihara","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chioma, O.S., Mallott, E., Shah-Gandhi, B., Wiggins, Z., Langford, M., Lancaster, A.W., Gelbard, A., Wu, H., Johnson, J.E., and Lancaster, L. (2023). Low Gut Microbial Diversity Augments Estrogen-Driven Pulmonary Fibrosis in Female-Predominant Interstitial Lung Disease. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.02.15.528630"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138460","article-title":"Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha Inhibits In-Vitro Decidualization of Human Endometrial Stromal Cells","volume":"9","author":"Inoue","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12760","article-title":"The Immune Response to Prevotella Bacteria in Chronic Inflammatory Disease","volume":"151","author":"Larsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"256","article-title":"Evaluation of Th17 and Treg Cytokines in Patients with Unexplained Recurrent Pregnancy Loss","volume":"8","author":"Farshchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de la Fuente-Munoz, E., Fern\u00e1ndez-Arquero, M., Subbhi-Issa, N., Guevara-Hoyer, K., Su\u00e1rez, L.P., Laborda, R.G., S\u00e1nchez, M., Ochoa-Grull\u00f3n, J., Guzm\u00e1n-Fulgencio, M., and Villegas, \u00c1. (2024). Recurrent Reproductive Failure and Celiac Genetic Susceptibility, a Leading Role of Gluten. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1451552"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2022.103101","article-title":"Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Women with Recurrent Embryo Implantation Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"21","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-020-00817-w","article-title":"The Pregnancy Microbiome and Preterm Birth","volume":"42","author":"Bayar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahl, C., Stanislawski, M., Iszatt, N., Mandal, S., Lozupone, C., Clemente, J.C., Knight, R., Stigum, H., and Eggesb\u00f8, M. (2017). Gut Microbiome of Mothers Delivering Prematurely Shows Reduced Diversity and Lower Relative Abundance of Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184336"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shiozaki, A., Yoneda, S., Yoneda, N., Yonezawa, R., Matsubayashi, T., Seo, G., and Saito, S. (2014). Intestinal Microbiota Is Different in Women with Preterm Birth: Results from Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111374"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2014.46","article-title":"Immune Cells in Term and Preterm Labor","volume":"11","author":"StLouis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Karrar, S.A., Martingano, D.J., and Hong, P.L. (2025). Preeclampsia. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deady, C., McCarthy, F.P., Barron, A., McCarthy, C.M., O\u2019Keeffe, G.W., and O\u2019Mahony, S.M. (2024). An Altered Gut Microbiome in Pre-Eclampsia: Cause or Consequence. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1352267"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e683","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuae057","article-title":"Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Preeclampsia: A Scoping Review","volume":"83","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1080\/10641955.2019.1584630","article-title":"Increased Circulating Trimethylamine N-Oxide Plays a Contributory Role in the Development of Endothelial Dysfunction and Hypertension in the RUPP Rat Model of Preeclampsia","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hypertens. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Gu, X., Yang, J., Wei, Y., and Zhao, Y. (2019). Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Increased Plasma LPS and TMAO Levels in Patients With Preeclampsia. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00409"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.305360","article-title":"Gut Microbiota-Dependent Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) Pathway Contributes to Both Development of Renal Insufficiency and Mortality Risk in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"116","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2018.12.001","article-title":"Maternal Serum Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Is Significantly Increased in Cases with Established Preeclampsia","volume":"15","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-023-01563-w","article-title":"Plasma Trimethylamine N-Oxide Metabolites in the Second Trimester Predict the Risk of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: A Nested Case-Control Study","volume":"47","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20191253","article-title":"Short-Chain Fatty Acids Accompanying Changes in the Gut Microbiome Contribute to the Development of Hypertension in Patients with Preeclampsia","volume":"134","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-024-00635-7","article-title":"The Influence of Akkermansia Muciniphila on Intestinal Barrier Function","volume":"16","author":"Mo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2020.06.002","article-title":"Increased TLR4 Pathway Activation and Cytokine Imbalance Led to Lipopolysaccharide Tolerance in Monocytes from Preeclamptic Women","volume":"21","author":"Borges","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karoor, V., Strassheim, D., Sullivan, T., Verin, A., Umapathy, N.S., Dempsey, E.C., Frank, D.N., Stenmark, K.R., and Gerasimovskaya, E. (2021). The Short-Chain Fatty Acid Butyrate Attenuates Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling and Inflammation in Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189916"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livres.2018.09.008","article-title":"Regulation of Bile Acid Receptor Activity","volume":"2","author":"Wan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Liver Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-015-0052-x","article-title":"Genome-Scale Hypomethylation in the Cord Blood DNAs Associated with Early Onset Preeclampsia","volume":"7","author":"Ching","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korczynska, L., Zeber-Lubecka, N., Zgliczynska, M., Zarychta, E., Zareba, K., Wojtyla, C., Dabrowska, M., and Ciebiera, M. (2023). The Role of Microbiota in the Pathophysiology of Uterine Fibroids\u2014A Systematic Review. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1177366"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37628","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000037628","article-title":"Associations between Gut Microbiota and Gynecological Cancers: A Bi-Directional Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study","volume":"103","author":"Kong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2020.01.004","article-title":"The Cancer Microbiome: Distinguishing Direct and Indirect Effects Requires a Systemic View","volume":"6","author":"Xavier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2013.11.015","article-title":"Increased Gardnerella Vaginalis Urogenital Biofilm in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"8","author":"Schilling","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amabebe, E., and Anumba, D.O.C. (2020). Female Gut and Genital Tract Microbiota-Induced Crosstalk and Differential Effects of Short-Chain Fatty Acids on Immune Sequelae. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02184"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02263-24","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02263-24","article-title":"How Does Gut Microbiota Affect the Vaginitis Axis? The Mediating Role of Plasma Metabolites","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delgado-Diaz, D.J., Tyssen, D., Hayward, J.A., Gugasyan, R., Hearps, A.C., and Tachedjian, G. (2020). Distinct Immune Responses Elicited From Cervicovaginal Epithelial Cells by Lactic Acid and Short Chain Fatty Acids Associated With Optimal and Non-Optimal Vaginal Microbiota. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00446"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, T., Geiser, A.G., Qian, H.-R., Su, C., Helvering, L.M., Kulkarini, N.H., Shou, J., N\u2019Cho, M., Bryant, H.U., and Onyia, J.E. (2007). DNA Microarray Data Integration by Ortholog Gene Analysis Reveals Potential Molecular Mechanisms of Estrogen-Dependent Growth of Human Uterine Fibroids. BMC Womens Health, 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6874-7-5"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40514","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000040514","article-title":"Exploring the Gut-Inflammation Connection: A Mendelian Randomization Study on Gut Microbiota, Inflammatory Factors, and Uterine Fibroids Risk","volume":"103","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-015-2324-3","article-title":"Possible Involvement of Inflammatory\/Reparative Processes in the Development of Uterine Fibroids","volume":"364","author":"Protic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Mo, J., Huang, W., Bao, Y., Luo, X., and Yuan, L. (2024). The Ovarian Cancer-Associated Microbiome Contributes to the Tumor\u2019s Inflammatory Microenvironment. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1440742"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., and Cao, L. (2024). Intratumoral Lactobacillus Iners as a Poor Prognostic Biomarker and Potential Therapeutic Target for Cervical Cancer. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1469924"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jimenez, N., Norton, T., Diadala, G., Bell, E., Valenti, M., Farland, L.V., Mahnert, N., and Herbst-Kralovetz, M.M. (2024). Vaginal and Rectal Microbiome Contribute to Genital Inflammation in Chronic Pelvic Pain. BMC Med., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03500-1"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, Y., Hu, H., Chen, L., and Zheng, H. (2024). Association between Gut Microbiota and Menstrual Disorders: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1321268"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12266","article-title":"The Role of Inflammation for a Successful Implantation","volume":"72","author":"Dekel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Huang, C., Jiang, R., Du, Y., Zhou, J., Jiang, Y., Yan, Q., Xing, J., Hou, X., and Zhou, J. (2018). Decreased Endometrial IL-10 Impairs Endometrial Receptivity by Downregulating HOXA10 Expression in Women with Adenomyosis. BioMed Res. Int., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2549789"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12679","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12679","article-title":"Downregulation of Genes Related to Immune and Inflammatory Response in IVF Implantation Failure Cases under Controlled Ovarian Stimulation","volume":"78","author":"Pathare","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1530\/RAF-21-0093","article-title":"Altered Endometrial Oestrogen-Responsiveness and Recurrent Reproductive Failure","volume":"3","author":"Ellison","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Potiris, A., Alyfanti, E., Drakaki, E., Mavrogianni, D., Karampitsakos, T., Machairoudias, P., Topis, S., Zikopoulos, A., Skentou, C., and Panagopoulos, P. (2024). The Contribution of Proteomics in Understanding Endometrial Protein Expression in Women with Recurrent Implantation Failure. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13072145"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grund, S., and Gr\u00fcmmer, R. (2018). Direct Cell\u2013Cell Interactions in the Endometrium and in Endometrial Pathophysiology. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19082227"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2021.08.017","article-title":"Peritoneal Effluent Cell-Free DNA Sequencing in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients With and Without Peritonitis","volume":"4","author":"Burnham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Med."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-023-03374-w","article-title":"Gut Microbiota, Intestinal Permeability, and Systemic Inflammation: A Narrative Review","volume":"19","author":"Petito","year":"2024","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takada, K., Melnikov, V.G., Kobayashi, R., Komine-Aizawa, S., Tsuji, N.M., and Hayakawa, S. (2023). Female Reproductive Tract-Organ Axes. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1110001"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-020-0286-z","article-title":"The Microbiome and Gynaecological Cancer Development, Prevention and Therapy","volume":"17","author":"Ilhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190ps10","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004731","article-title":"The Gut Microbiome in Intestinal Fibrosis: Environmental Protector or Provocateur?","volume":"5","author":"Rieder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R81","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-21-0238","article-title":"Female Reproductive Dysfunctions and the Gut Microbiota","volume":"69","author":"Chadchan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.19320","article-title":"The Role of Gut Microbiota in Immune Homeostasis and Autoimmunity","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/15\/5\/762\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:30:15Z","timestamp":1760031015000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/15\/5\/762"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["life15050762"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life15050762","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]}}}