{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T03:18:45Z","timestamp":1790651925783,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan","award":["31\/11\/2020-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31\/11\/2020-2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Central nervous system autoimmune disorders, like multiple sclerosis (MS), are chronic conditions where cytokines contribute significantly to the regulation of inflammation. The diagnosis, progression, and treatment effectiveness of MS are assessed through laboratory tests and clinical evaluation, as well as imaging. Method: This study included 40 healthy individuals as a control group and 75 MS patients, divided into two groups: 45 MS patients receiving fingolimod treatment (MSW) and 30 patients taking other medications (MSOs). Blood samples (3 mL) were collected from all participants, and the mRNA relative expression of cytokine genes (IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, and INF-\u03b3) was measured. Additionally, MRI images of MS patients undergoing fingolimod or other treatments were analyzed. Results: The MSO patient group displayed higher mRNA expressions of IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, and INF-\u03b3 compared to the control group. Furthermore, TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, and INF-\u03b3 expressions were elevated in the MSO group compared to the MSW group. MRI scans showed significant improvement in MS patients taking fingolimod compared to those receiving other medications. Conclusions: Fingolimod demonstrated greater effectiveness in improving MS patients\u2019 conditions, possibly due to its impact on cytokine expression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15060859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T06:25:04Z","timestamp":1748499904000},"page":"859","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cytokine Gene Expression and Treatment Impact on MRI Outcomes in Jordanian Patients with Multiple Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1555-1062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sawsan I.","family":"Khdair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Waleed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3800-1220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alaa M.","family":"Hammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lubna","family":"Al-Khareisha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Al-Bashir Hospital, Ashrafeya, P.O. Box 10005, Amman 11151, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tariq","family":"Jaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Al-Bashir Hospital, Ashrafeya, P.O. Box 10005, Amman 11151, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majd","family":"Ayash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Al-Bashir Hospital, Ashrafeya, P.O. Box 10005, Amman 11151, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0822-4063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank Scott","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palle, P., Monaghan, K.L., Milne, S.M., and Wan, E.C. (2017). Cytokine signaling in multiple sclerosis and its therapeutic applications. Med. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci5040023"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520970841","article-title":"Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: Insights from the Atlas of MS","volume":"26","author":"Walton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. 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