{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:26:39Z","timestamp":1760059599106,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Here, the authors report the first case of a primary mast cell tumor originating from the inguinal lymph node in a nine-year-old intact female Maltese dog that had undergone a left ureteral stent, ureterotomy and splenectomy, and left-side mastectomy, including inguinal lymph node removal and ovariohysterectomy, in South Korea in May 2024. The splenic mass, mammary gland mass, and inguinal lymph node underwent histopathological examination, resulting in the diagnosis of nodular hyperplasia, grade 1 mammary complex carcinoma, and a mast cell tumor (MCT), respectively. To clarify the origin of the MCT from the inguinal lymph node, a computed tomography (CT) scan was performed. In addition, through a blood smear test, mast cell leukemia was ruled out. After CT scanning by veterinary radiologists and a biopsy of all possible masses, it was finally concluded that the MCT primarily originated from lymph nodes, which is extremely rare in dogs. The patient is recovering well as of February 2025, just 7 months after the first diagnosis, following surgery and 16 weeks of chemotherapy with a combination of prednisolone and vinblastine, considering the C-kit PCR results of the left inguinal lymph node after the surgical removal of the MCT. This report is significant for two reasons, firstly because of the rarity of MCTs originating from lymph nodes other than the skin and gastrointestinal organs, and secondly because the authors propose a hypothesis for the rarity of primary lymph node mast cell tumors and the correlation between mammary gland tumors and mast cell tumor growth based on a comparative literature review in humans, focusing on molecular mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15071029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T03:54:28Z","timestamp":1751255668000},"page":"1029","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The First Case Report of a Primary Mast Cell Tumor Originating from the Inguinal Lymph Node in a Nine-Year-Old Female Maltese Dog and a Comparative Literature Review in Humans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3752-5367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuri","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yeeun Animal Hospital, Seoul 06052, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Medical Device Engineering and Management, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gibum","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yeeun Animal Hospital, Seoul 06052, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1929-7708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyuhyung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transdisciplinary Department of Medicine & Advanced Technology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Bundang New York Animal Hospital, Seongnam 13637, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2011.09.007","article-title":"The role of mast cells in allergic inflammation","volume":"106","author":"Amin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiupel, M. (2016). Mast cell tumors. Tumors in Domestic Animals, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119181200.ch6"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2052-6687-2-1","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for mast cell tumours in dogs in England","volume":"2","author":"Shoop","year":"2015","journal-title":"Canine Genet. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810387446","article-title":"Canine subcutaneous mast cell tumor: Characterization and prognostic indices","volume":"48","author":"Thompson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2008.00694.x","article-title":"Canine mast cell tumours: A review of the pathogenesis, clinical features, pathology and treatment","volume":"19","author":"Welle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.39-5-557","article-title":"Mast cell tumors of the gastrointestinal tract in 39 dogs","volume":"39","author":"Ozaki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12071","article-title":"Canine oral mucosal mast cell tumours","volume":"14","author":"Elliott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"591","article-title":"Presumptive primary pulmonary mast cell tumor in 2 dogs","volume":"58","author":"Campbell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588201900603","article-title":"Extracutaneous mast-cell tumor in the dog","volume":"19","author":"Patnaik","year":"1982","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1986.188.02.188","article-title":"Clostridial peritonitis associated with a mast cell tumor in a dog","volume":"188","author":"Clark","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.71.229","article-title":"Systemic candidiasis and mesenteric mast cell tumor with multiple metastases in a dog","volume":"71","author":"Matsuda","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"315","article-title":"Role of mast cells in tumor growth","volume":"37","author":"Conti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-09352010000600008","article-title":"Mast cells and angiogenesis in canine mammary tumor","volume":"62","author":"Lavalle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clbc.2021.08.010","article-title":"Controversial role of mast cells in breast cancer tumor progression and angiogenesis","volume":"21","author":"Ribatti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858241244851","article-title":"Tumor-associated macrophages and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in canine cutaneous and subcutaneous mast cell tumors","volume":"61","author":"Bertola","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2020.08.006","article-title":"High-grade cutaneous mast cell tumour with widespread intrathoracic metastasis and neoplastic pericardial effusion in a dog","volume":"180","author":"Yale","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0128.x","article-title":"Clinicopathological features and outcome for dogs with mast cell tumors and bone marrow involvement","volume":"22","author":"Marconato","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858221114468","article-title":"Pathological aspects of cutaneous mast cell tumors with metastases in 49 dogs","volume":"59","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.62.187","article-title":"Connective tissue-type mast cell leukemia in a dog","volume":"62","author":"Hikasa","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coelho, Y.N.B., Soldi, L.R., Silva, P.H.R.d., Mesquita, C.M., Paranhos, L.R., Santos, T.R.d., and Silva, M.J.B. (2023). Tyrosine kinase inhibitors as an alternative treatment in canine mast cell tumor. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1188795"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.5326\/0400124","article-title":"Vinblastine and prednisolone as adjunctive therapy for canine cutaneous mast cell tumors","volume":"40","author":"Davies","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4675","DOI":"10.12681\/jhvms.27639","article-title":"Mast Cell Tumour and Mammary Gland Carcinoma Collision Tumour. Case report and literature review","volume":"73","author":"Rifici","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hell. Vet. Med. Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7730","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1205971","article-title":"Direct interaction between BRCA1 and the estrogen receptor regulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) transcription and secretion in breast cancer cells","volume":"21","author":"Kawai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0463.2002.100501.x","article-title":"Mast cells and angiogenesis","volume":"110","author":"Norrby","year":"2002","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2006.11.009","article-title":"Detection of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptors Flt-1 and KDR in canine mastocytoma cells","volume":"115","author":"Rebuzzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakalauskait\u0117, S., \u0160altenien\u0117, V., Nikitina, D., Ugenskien\u0117, R., Ri\u0161kevi\u010dien\u0117, V., Karvelien\u0117, B., and Juod\u017eiukynien\u0117, N. (2021). VEGF-B, VEGF-A, FLT-1, KDR, ERBB2, EGFR, GRB2, RAC1, CDH1 and HYAL-1 genes expression analysis in canine mammary gland tumors and the association with tumor clinicopathological parameters and dog breed assessment. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8100212"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.03.088","article-title":"Mast cells and basophils in inflammatory and tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis","volume":"778","author":"Marone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2017.10.005","article-title":"The impact of interferon-regulatory factors to macrophage differentiation and polarization into M1 and M2","volume":"223","author":"Chistiakov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-024-00522-z","article-title":"Targeting M2-like tumor-associated macrophages is a potential therapeutic approach to overcome antitumor drug resistance","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Precis. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.02.016","article-title":"Tumour-associated macrophages: Relation with progression and invasiveness, and assessment of M1\/M2 macrophages in canine mammary tumours","volume":"234","author":"Monteiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2013.05.003","article-title":"Mast cells and macrophages exert beneficial and detrimental effects on tumor progression and angiogenesis","volume":"152","author":"Ribatti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sfacteria, A., Napoli, E., Rifici, C., Commisso, D., Giambrone, G., Mazzullo, G., and Marino, G. (2021). Immune cells and immunoglobulin expression in the mammary gland tumors of dog. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11051189"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.9.4.875","article-title":"Synthesis, storage, and release of vascular endothelial growth factor\/vascular permeability factor (VEGF\/VPF) by human mast cells: Implications for the biological significance of VEGF206","volume":"9","author":"Grutzkau","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1201928","article-title":"VEGF\/VPF overexpression in skin of transgenic mice induces angiogenesis, vascular hyperpermeability and accelerated tumor development","volume":"17","author":"Larcher","year":"1998","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"5383","article-title":"Mast cell modulation of the vascular and lymphatic endothelium","volume":"118","author":"Kunder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harjunp\u00e4\u00e4, H., Llort Asens, M., Guenther, C., and Fagerholm, S.C. (2019). Cell adhesion molecules and their roles and regulation in the immune and tumor microenvironment. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01078"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4188","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.143.12.4188","article-title":"Mast cells chemotax to laminin with enhancement after IgE-mediated activation","volume":"143","author":"Thompson","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.04.076","article-title":"Integrin-mediated macrophage adhesion promotes lymphovascular dissemination in breast cancer","volume":"27","author":"Evans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3542","article-title":"Single-cell sequencing-based technologies will revolutionize whole-organism science","volume":"14","author":"Shapiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-022-01409-2","article-title":"Museum of spatial transcriptomics","volume":"19","author":"Moses","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/15\/7\/1029\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:00:30Z","timestamp":1760032830000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/15\/7\/1029"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["life15071029"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life15071029","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-1729"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]}}}