{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T01:00:21Z","timestamp":1783126821344,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Assistive Technology Commercialize R&amp;D Project for Independent Living for People with Disability and Older People, supported by the Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["RS-2024-00398486"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00398486"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Manual wheelchair users are at high risk of upper limb overuse injuries due to repetitive propulsion mechanics. To address this, we developed a novel detachable push\u2013pull dual-propulsion device that enables both forward and backward propulsion, aiming to reduce shoulder strain and promote balanced muscle engagement. This study presents a protocol to evaluate the device\u2019s biomechanical impact and ergonomic effects, focusing on objective, quantitative analysis using a repeated-measures within-subject design. Thirty participants with spinal cord injury will perform standardized propulsion trials under two conditions: push and pull. Motion capture and surface electromyography (EMG) will assess upper limb kinematics and muscle activation. Each propulsion mode will be repeated over a 10-m track, and maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) data will be collected for EMG normalization. The protocol aims to provide objective evidence on the propulsion efficiency, muscle distribution, and ergonomic safety of the device. Findings will inform future assistive technology development and rehabilitation guidelines for manual wheelchair users.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15071037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T03:54:28Z","timestamp":1751255668000},"page":"1037","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Biomechanical Usability Evaluation of a Novel Detachable Push\u2013Pull Device for Rehabilitation in Manual Wheelchair Users"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8952-1547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongheon","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistive Technology Research Team for Independent Living, Rehabilitation Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Seoul 01022, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9500-2647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seon-Deok","family":"Eun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistive Technology Research Team for Independent Living, Rehabilitation Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Seoul 01022, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0399-7083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiyoung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Safety and Health, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2004.08.0103","article-title":"Pushrim Biomechanics and Injury Prevention in Spinal Cord Injury: Recommendations Based on CULP-SCI Investigations","volume":"42","author":"Boninger","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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