{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T19:12:22Z","timestamp":1791573142666,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"institutional funds from Oslo University Hospital","award":["333925"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["333925"]}]},{"name":"The Research Council of Norway","award":["333925"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["333925"]}]},{"name":"Copenhagen University Hospital","award":["333925"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["333925"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: Standard automated perimetry (SAP) remains the gold standard functional test in glaucoma, used primarily for evaluating peripheral vision loss. Central contrast sensitivity (CCS) has emerged as a potential early functional marker of glaucomatous damage. This systematic review aimed to describe the different methods used to measure CCS in randomized controlled trials (RCT) involving glaucoma patients. Methods: We searched the MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Epistemonikos, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases on 25 January 2023, and updated the search on 12 February 2025. Eligible studies comprised RCTs that reported CCS as an outcome in patients with glaucoma, suspected glaucoma, or ocular hypertension. No restrictions were placed on age, sex, ethnicity, geography, intervention, or publication year. Abstracts and full texts were screened independently by two reviewers. Descriptive statistics were used. No formal risk of bias assessment was performed, due to the descriptive nature of the review. Results: Of 1066 records screened, 31 studies met the eligibility criteria. The study sample size ranged from 7 to 207 (median: 23), with most studies involving primary open-angle glaucoma. Interventions were diverse, mainly involving topical medications, with timolol being the most frequent. Eleven CCS test methods were identified. Five studies did not report the method used. The CSV-1000 was the most commonly used test, being applied in 11 studies. Conclusions: CCS has been measured using a wide range of methods in glaucoma RCTs, with limited standardization. Most of the included studies were small, variably reported, and conducted over 10 years ago, suggesting a decreasing interest in CCS as an outcome measure in glaucoma RCTs. Funding: This review was funded by Oslo University Hospital and the Research Council of Norway. Registration: This review was registered on the OSF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15071043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T10:03:48Z","timestamp":1751277828000},"page":"1043","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Central Contrast Sensitivity as an Outcome Measure in Randomized Controlled Trials in Glaucoma\u2014A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1309-4830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Sverstad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Eye Research and Innovative Diagnostics, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens Riis","family":"M\u00f8ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianni","family":"Virgili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Public Health, Queen\u2019s University of Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK"},{"name":"Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augusto","family":"Azuara-Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Public Health, Queen\u2019s University of Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josefine","family":"Freiberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Ahrensberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olav","family":"Kristianslund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Eye Research and Innovative Diagnostics, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2905-9252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Goran","family":"Petrovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Eye Research and Innovative Diagnostics, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Centre, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia"},{"name":"UKLO Network, University St. Kliment Ohridski, 7000 Bitola, North Macedonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8697-0734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam","family":"Kolko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, 2600 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Chandrasekharan Krishnan, M.V.B., Giaconi, J.A., Tanna, A., Lin, S.C., Medeiros, F.A., Moroi, S.E., Sit, A.J., and American Academy of Ophthalmology (2020). 2020\u20132021 Basic and Clinical Science Course(tm) (BCSC), Section 10: Glaucoma, American Academy of Ophthalmology."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2011.11.002","article-title":"The molecular basis of retinal ganglion cell death in glaucoma","volume":"31","author":"Almasieh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. 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