{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:53:54Z","timestamp":1791960834976,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["DSAIPA\/DS\/0117\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DSAIPA\/DS\/0117\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["2023.01951.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.01951.BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["2021.05553.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.05553.BD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Delirium is a common and underrecognized complication among critically ill patients, associated with prolonged ICU stays, cognitive dysfunction, and increased mortality. Its multifactorial causes and fluctuating course hinder early prediction, limiting timely management. Predictive models based on data available at ICU admission may help to identify high-risk patients and guide early interventions. This study evaluated machine learning models used to predict delirium in critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infections using a prospective cohort of 426 patients. The dataset included demographic characteristics, clinical data (e.g., comorbidities, medication, reason for ICU admission, interventions), and routine lab test results. Five models\u2014Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machine, Decision Tree, Random Forest, and Na\u00efve Bayes\u2014were developed using 112 features. Feature selection relied on Information Gain, and model performance was assessed via 10-fold cross-validation. The Na\u00efve Bayes model showed moderate predictive performance and high interpretability, achieving an AUC of 0.717, accuracy of 65.3%, sensitivity of 62.4%, specificity of 68.1%, and precision of 66.2%. Key predictors included invasive mechanical ventilation, deep sedation with benzodiazepines, SARS-CoV-2 as the reason for ICU admission, ECMO use, constipation, and male sex. These findings support the use of interpretable models for early delirium risk stratification using routinely available ICU data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15071045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T10:03:48Z","timestamp":1751277828000},"page":"1045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Predicting ICU Delirium in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients Using Demographic, Clinical, and Laboratory Admission Data: A Machine Learning Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8131-6570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Viegas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NMS\u2014NOVA Medical School, FCM\u2014Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CHRC\u2014Comprehensive Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria 130, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, Avenida D. Jo\u00e3o II, Lote 4.69.01, Parque das Na\u00e7\u00f5es, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, Avenida D. Jo\u00e3o II, Lote 4.69.01, Parque das Na\u00e7\u00f5es, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Neurosciences Area, Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, ULSSJ\u2014Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9, Rua Jos\u00e9 Ant\u00f3nio Serrano, 1150-199 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6843-1935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiana P.","family":"Von Rekowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMS\u2014NOVA Medical School, FCM\u2014Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CHRC\u2014Comprehensive Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria 130, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"ISEL\u2014Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9369-6486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00faben","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMS\u2014NOVA Medical School, FCM\u2014Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CHRC\u2014Comprehensive Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria 130, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"ISEL\u2014Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Viana-Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMS\u2014NOVA Medical School, FCM\u2014Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Neurology Department, ULSLO\u2014Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de Lisboa Ocidental, Rua da Junqueira 126, 1349-019 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CCAL\u2014Centro Cl\u00ednico Acad\u00e9mico de Lisboa, NOVA Medical School, FCM\u2014Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2549-0275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Paula","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMS\u2014NOVA Medical School, FCM\u2014Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"iNOVA4Health\u2014Advancing Precision Medicine, NOVA Medical School, FCM\u2014Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0260-003X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Bento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMS\u2014NOVA Medical School, FCM\u2014Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CHRC\u2014Comprehensive Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria 130, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Intensive Care Department, ULSSJ\u2014Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9, Rua Jos\u00e9 Ant\u00f3nio Serrano, 1150-199 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6149","article-title":"Delirium in the intensive care unit","volume":"12","author":"Girard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit. 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