{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T11:19:45Z","timestamp":1780917585972,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Staphylococcus spp. skin colonization is involved in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). While coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus strains are known to worsen symptoms, the role of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) remains controversial. Further research is needed to clarify the pathogenicity of CoNS in AD patients. A study involving 329 children with AD (mean age: 4.89 years) assessed the frequency of staphylococcal colonization on affected skin, along with the toxin-producing properties and antibiotic resistance of isolated strains. Mild AD: Predominantly colonized by CoNS (especially S. epidermidis). Moderate\/Severe AD: Showed a significant increase in S. aureus colonization. CoNS (including S. epidermidis) could produce enterotoxins (A, B, C) and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), though less frequently than S. aureus strains. In severe AD, the number of toxin-producing CoNS strains (especially enterotoxin A producers) was higher than in mild AD, and the number of non-toxin-producing strains was lower. CoNS exhibited higher resistance rates than S. aureus. Methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE): 23.4%. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA): 1.27%. CoNS may contribute to AD pathogenesis through toxin production (exacerbating inflammation) and antibiotic resistance (limiting treatment options). Severe AD may involve a synergistic effect between S. aureus and toxin-producing CoNS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15071120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T10:33:47Z","timestamp":1752748427000},"page":"1120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Staphylococcus Strains in Atopic Dermatitis in Children: Toxins Production and Resistance Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Asya","family":"Kudryavtseva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina y Centro de Estudios e Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud y Sociedad (CEISS), Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad Bernardo O\u2019Higgins, Santiago 8370993, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fyodor","family":"Fluer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Basis of Pathogenicity Laboratory, Bacterial Infection Department, Gamaleya Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lusine","family":"Khachatryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Diseases, N.F. Filatov Clinical Institute of Children Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119270 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Makarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Research Center for Children\u2019s Health, 119296 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oksana","family":"Osipenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"My Doctor Family Medical Center LLC, 623701 Ekaterinburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Ryzhii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy and Histology Department, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergei","family":"Titarev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Basis of Pathogenicity Laboratory, Bacterial Infection Department, Gamaleya Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Zaslavsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatovenereology, Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, 194100 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9861-6094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katerina","family":"Gelezhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology and Allergology Department, I.I. Mechnikov Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, 105064 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31286-1","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis","volume":"396","author":"Langan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0015625","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00156-25","article-title":"Unique dermal bacterial signature differentiates atopic dermatitis skin from healthy","volume":"10","author":"Bay","year":"2025","journal-title":"Msphere"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., H\u00fclp\u00fcsch, C., Traidl-Hoffmann, C., Reiger, M., and Schloter, M. (2024). Understanding the role of Staphylococcus aureus in atopic dermatitis: Strain diversity, microevolution, and prophage influences. Front. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1480257"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6zdemir, E., and \u00d6ks\u00fcz, L. (2024). Effect of Staphylococcus aureus colonization and immune defects on the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Arch. Microbiol., 206.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-024-04134-w"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.36849\/JDD.8240","article-title":"A Consensus on Staphylococcus aureus Exacerbated Atopic Dermatitis and the Need for a Novel Treatment","volume":"23","author":"Schachner","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol. JDD"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.20953\/1817-7646-2022-6-31-36","article-title":"Expression of HNP1 gene in children with atopic dermatitis","volume":"17","author":"Svitich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vopr. Prakt. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogonowska, P., Gilaberte, Y., Bara\u0144ska-Rybak, W., and Nakonieczna, J. (2021). Colon. with Staphylococcus aureus in Atopic Dermatitis Patients: Attempts to Reveal the Unknown. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.567090"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edslev, S.M., Olesen, C.M., N\u00f8rreslet, L.B., Ingham, A.C., Iversen, S., Lilje, B., Clausen, M.L., Jensen, J.S., Stegger, M., and Agner, T. (2021). Staphylococcal Communities on Skin Are Associated with Atopic Dermatitis and Disease Severity. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9020432"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.131029.111","article-title":"Temporal shifts in the skin microbiome associated with disease flares and treatment in children with atopic dermatitis","volume":"22","author":"Kong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.24110\/0031-403X-2019-98-3-88-93","article-title":"Dynamics of skin colonization by staphylococcus spp. in children and adolescents with atopic dermatitis","volume":"98","author":"Gelezhe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. J. Named After G.N. Speransky"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guimar\u00e3es, L.C., Garcia, G.D., Cavalcante, F.S., Dias, G.M., de Farias, F.M., Saintive, S., Abad, E.D., Ferreira, D.C., and Dos Santos, K.R.N. (2024). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus produce antimicrobial substances against members of the skin microbiota in children with atopic dermatitis. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 100.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiae070"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei, X., Ring, S., Jin, S., Singh, S., and Mahnke, K. (2025). Extracellular Vesicles and Their Role in Skin Inflammatory Diseases: From Pathogenesis to Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26083827"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seiti Yamada Yoshikawa, F., Feitosa de Lima, J., Notomi Sato, M., \u00c1lefe Leuzzi Ramos, Y., Aoki, V., and Leao Orfali, R. (2019). Exploring the Role of Staphylococcus aureus Toxins in Atopic Dermatitis. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11060321"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14381","article-title":"Beneficial effects of coagulase-negative Staphylococci on Staphylococcus aureus skin colonization","volume":"30","author":"Bier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaj\u0119cka-Wierzchowska, W., Gajewska, J., Wi\u015bniewski, P., and Zadernowska, A. (2020). Enterotoxigenic Potential of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci from Ready-to-Eat Food. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9090734"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.03.010","article-title":"Staphylococcal diversity in atopic dermatitis from an individual to a global scale","volume":"31","author":"Harkins","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13533","article-title":"Interleukin-31 and interleukin-31 receptor: New therapeutic targets for atopic dermatitis","volume":"27","author":"Nakashima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Domenico, E.G., Cavallo, I., Bordignon, V., Prignano, G., Sperduti, I., Gurtner, A., Trento, E., Toma, L., Pimpinelli, F., and Capitanio, B. (2018). Inflammatory cytokines and biofilm production sustain Staphylococcus aureus outgrowth and persistence: A pivotal interplay in the pathogenesis of Atopic Dermatitis. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27421-1"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdurrahman, G., Schmiedeke, F., Bachert, C., Br\u00f6ker, B.M., and Holtfreter, S. (2020). Allergy-A New Role for T Cell Superantigens of Staphylococcus aureus?. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12030176"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hon, K.L., Tsang, K.Y., Kung, J.S., Leung, T.F., Lam, C.W., and Wong, C.K. (2017). Clinical Signs, Staphylococcus and Atopic Eczema-Related Seromarkers. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22020291"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00223-21","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00223-21","article-title":"Staphylococcus epidermidis Phages Transduce Antimicrobial Resistance Plasmids and Mobilize Chromosomal Islands","volume":"6","author":"Botka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Msphere"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2019.02.006","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus in atopic dermatitis: Strain-specific cell wall proteins and skin immunity","volume":"68","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergol. Int. Off. J. Jpn. Soc. Allergol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1159\/000247298","article-title":"Severity scoring of atopic dermatitis: The SCORAD index. Consensus Report of the European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"186","author":"Stadler","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"65","article-title":"Enzyme immunoassay system for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin, type C","volume":"6","author":"Fluer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Zhurnal Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"42","article-title":"Enzyme immunoassay system for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin, type A","volume":"89","author":"Akatov","year":"1989","journal-title":"Temporarily Pharm. Norms Regul."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"42","article-title":"Enzyme immunoassay system for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin, type B","volume":"89","author":"Akatov","year":"1989","journal-title":"Temporarily Pharm. Norms Regul."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"70","article-title":"A rapid method of detecting the staphylococcal exotoxin of toxic shock","volume":"12","author":"Fluer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Zhurnal Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2023.05.014","article-title":"Heterogeneous Regulation of Staphylococcus aureus by Different Staphylococcus epidermidis agr Types in Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"143","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaah4680","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aah4680","article-title":"Antimicrobials from human skin commensal bacteria protect against Staphylococcus aureus and are deficient in atopic der-matitis","volume":"9","author":"Nakatsuji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaal4651","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aal4651","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis strain diversity underlying pediatric atopic dermatitis","volume":"9","author":"Byrd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landemaine, L., Da Costa, G., Fissier, E., Francis, C., Morand, S., Verbeke, J., Michel, M.L., Briandet, R., Sokol, H., and Gueniche, A. (2023). Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates from atopic or healthy skin have opposite effect on skin cells: Potential implication of the AHR pathway modulation. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1098160"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113024","article-title":"Staphylococcus epidermidis activates keratinocyte cytokine expression and promotes skin inflammation through the production of phenol-soluble modulins","volume":"42","author":"Williams","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.06.024","article-title":"Staphylococcus epidermidis protease EcpA can be a deleterious component of the skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis","volume":"147","author":"Cau","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdurrahman, G., Pospich, R., Steil, L., Gesell Salazar, M., Izquierdo Gonz\u00e1lez, J.J., Normann, N., Mrochen, D., Scharf, C., V\u00f6lker, U., and Werfel, T. (2024). The extracellular serine protease from Staphylococcus epidermidis elicits a type 2-biased immune response in atopic dermatitis patients. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1352704"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14489","article-title":"Biofilm propensity of Staphylococcus aureus skin isolates is associated with increased atopic dermatitis severity and barrier dysfunction in the MPAACH pediatric cohort","volume":"76","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359483","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2024.2359483","article-title":"The pathogenicity and virulence of the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis","volume":"15","author":"Burke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virulence"}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/15\/7\/1120\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:11:10Z","timestamp":1760033470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/15\/7\/1120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["life15071120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life15071120","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]}}}