{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T20:17:20Z","timestamp":1792095440860,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation (MAARIFAH) King Abdul-Aziz City for Science and Technology, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","award":["13-MED-1390-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13-MED-1390-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present investigation was conducted to observe the effects of different energy densities of a low-level red laser (LLRL) on human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hESC-MSCs). hESC-MSCs were cultured and irradiated with a LLRL from 0.5 to 5.0 J\/cm2 at a wavelength of 635 nm. Biological parameters such as proliferation, viability, and migration were observed after 72 h of LLRL irradiation. Compared with the control, LLRL irradiation significantly increased the proliferation and viability of hESC-MSCs from 0.5 to 2.5 J\/cm2 (p &lt; 0.001, p &lt; 0.05). LLRL irradiation from 0.5 to 3.0 J\/cm2 significantly increased the migration of hESC-MSCs (p &lt; 0.01). These results revealed that LLRL irradiation at lower energy densities significantly increased the proliferation, viability, and migration of hESC-MSCs. However, higher energy densities were ineffective; this was also true when we examined osteogenic differentiation, as low energy densities of LLRL had a positive effect on differentiation, whereas higher energy densities had a negative effect on alkaline phosphatase activity, Alizarin Red staining and gene expression analysis. In addition, not all stem cell markers were affected by the laser, and a slight decrease in the expression of CD146, which is a stemness marker, was detected, indicating improved differentiation. These findings indicate that low energy densities of LLRL irradiation have positive effects on the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of hESC-MSCs. However, higher energy densities showed inhibitory effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15071125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T11:25:17Z","timestamp":1752751517000},"page":"1125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Influence of Low-Level Red Laser Irradiation on the Proliferation, Viability, and Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Khalid M.","family":"AlGhamdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitiligo Research Chair, Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2580-0253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashok","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitiligo Research Chair, Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musaad","family":"Alfayez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amer","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.25289\/ML.24.016","article-title":"Advances in laser and stem cell treatment: Current technologies, limitations, and future prospects","volume":"13","author":"Woo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. 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