{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T23:16:53Z","timestamp":1789600613765,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]],"date-time":"2025-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traumatic liver injury remains a significant contributor to trauma-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. In Saudi Arabia, motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) are the predominant mechanism of injury, particularly among young adults. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics, management strategies, and outcomes of patients with liver trauma over a ten-year period at a tertiary academic level-one trauma center. A retrospective cohort study was conducted from January 2015 to December 2024. All adult patients (aged 18\u201365 years) who sustained blunt or penetrating liver injuries and underwent a pan-CT trauma survey were included. Demographic data, Injury Severity Scores (ISSs), imaging timelines, management approach, and clinical outcomes were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using JASP software with a significance threshold set at p &lt; 0.05. A total of 111 patients were included, with a mean age of 33 \u00b1 12.4 years; 78.1% were male. MVAs were the leading cause of injury (75.7%). Most patients (80.2%) had low-grade liver injuries and received non-operative management (NOM), with a high NOM success rate of 94.5%. The median time to CT was 55 \u00b1 64 min, and the mean time to operative or IR intervention was 159.9 \u00b1 78.8 min. Complications occurred in 32.4% of patients, with ventilator-associated pneumonia (19.8%) being most common. The overall mortality was 6.3%. Multivariate analysis revealed that shorter time to CT significantly reduced mortality risk (OR = 0.5, p &lt; 0.05), while a positive e-FAST result was strongly associated with increased mortality (OR = 3.3, p &lt; 0.05). Higher ISSs correlated with longer monitored unit stays (\u03c1 = 0.3, p = 0.0014). Traumatic liver injuries in this cohort were predominantly low-grade and effectively managed conservatively, with favorable outcomes. However, delays in imaging and operative intervention were observed, underscoring the requirement for streamlined trauma workflows. These findings highlight the requirement for continuous trauma system improvement, including protocol optimization and timely access to imaging and surgical intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15071138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T07:56:14Z","timestamp":1753084574000},"page":"1138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Outcomes of Traumatic Liver Injuries at a Level-One Tertiary Trauma Center in Saudi Arabia: A 10-Year Experience"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1635-8149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nawaf","family":"AlShahwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Trauma and Acute Care Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2075-2376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saleh Husam","family":"Aldeligan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salman T.","family":"Althunayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Alkodari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Bin Manee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faris Abdulaziz","family":"Albassam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Aloraini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3313-6292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Alburakan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trauma and Acute Care Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8107-1542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan","family":"Mashbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, P.O. Box 6809, Jazan 82817, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"AlKanhal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trauma and Acute Care Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7118-7453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thamer","family":"Nouh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trauma and Acute Care Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, April 24). Available online: https:\/\/stats.gov.sa\/ar\/."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1144","article-title":"Western Trauma Association Critical Decisions in Trauma: Nonoperative Management of Adult Blunt Hepatic Trauma","volume":"67","author":"Kozar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S288","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318270160d","article-title":"Nonoperative Management of Blunt Hepatic Injury: An Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma Practice Management Guideline","volume":"73","author":"Stassen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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