{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:33:11Z","timestamp":1760059991746,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez","award":["HIM\/2018\/077 SSA1528"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIM\/2018\/077 SSA1528"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), neutropenia and fever of unknown origin may occur, indicating the use of antimicrobials to control a probable infection. However, in 60\u201370% of cases there is no obvious infectious focus so treatment is empirical, increasing the risk of developing systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). The construction of a prognostic model of fever and development of SIRS based on the identification of endogenous molecules, called alarmins or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and inflammatory cytokines, can help identify children with ALL and fever or SIRS and who do not have an infection. A cohort of 30 children with recently diagnosed ALL and absence of infectious microorganisms before starting the remission induction phase was studied. Two groups were identified: (1) a group with SIRS (fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, and leukopenia, without focus of infection) and (2) a group without SIRS. The DAMPs, namely HMGB1 and S100A8 proteins, were quantified by ELISA and inflammatory mediators were determined by multiple protein analysis. The medians of DAMPs and inflammatory mediators in children with SIRS were higher than in children who did not have SIRS, and the delta values of the biomarkers studied in patients with and without SIRS showed important differences, with statistically higher medians in patients with SIRS compared to those without SIRS. HMGB1 together with IL-1\u03b2, IL-8, IL-10, and MCP-1 can serve as biomarkers to identify children with ALL and fever or SIRS who should not receive antimicrobial treatment because the origin of their fever is not due to an infectious agent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15081187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T16:06:17Z","timestamp":1753459577000},"page":"1187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of HMGB1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-8, IL-10, and MCP-1 with the Development of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome in Pediatric Patients with Recently Diagnosed Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0663-2888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Maldonado-Bernal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Inmunolog\u00eda y Prote\u00f3mica, Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Horacio","family":"M\u00e1rquez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Subdirecci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica, Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0605-0177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erandi","family":"P\u00e9rez-Figueroa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Inmunolog\u00eda y Prote\u00f3mica, Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Nieto-Meneses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Inmunolog\u00eda y Prote\u00f3mica, Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Olivar-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica, Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1818-8879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurora","family":"Medina-Sanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Hemato-Oncolog\u00eda, Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elva","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Hematolog\u00eda, Hospital Pedi\u00e1trico Moctezuma, Mexico City 15530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-021-01043-9","article-title":"Childhood Acute Leukemias in Developing Nations: Successes and Challenges","volume":"23","author":"Pelayo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. 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