{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T21:32:30Z","timestamp":1791322350223,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many headaches at night arise due to primary headache disorders, which occur independently of other symptoms and are not caused by another medical condition. Primary headache disorders with nighttime attacks can include tension-type headaches, migraines, hypnic headaches, and cluster headaches. A hypnic headache is sometimes called an \u201calarm clock headache\u201d because symptoms tend to arise at the same time of night. Apart from considering primary headaches, secondary causes of nighttime headaches should be considered and ruled out, in particular headaches secondary to intracranial hypertension, temporomandibular joint issues (like bruxism) and sleep apnea. Treatments vary based on headache type but often include a combination of medications and prevention strategies. This review article covers the basics of nighttime primary headaches in children, including pathophysiology, etiology, clinical features of the different forms and their treatment. It will also discuss the differences in headache features between children and adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15081198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T14:05:47Z","timestamp":1753711547000},"page":"1198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Nighttime Primary Headaches in Children: Beyond Hypnic Headache, a Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Baldo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Juvenile Headache Center, Department of Woman\u2019s and Child\u2019s Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Bonemazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Juvenile Headache Center, Department of Woman\u2019s and Child\u2019s Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Morea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children Epilepsy and EEG Center, San Paolo Hospital, ASL Bari, 70132 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Headache Center, Department of Pediatric Emergency, Regina Margherita Children\u2019s Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3854-9299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Ferretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics Unit, Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sense Organs (NESMOS) Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00198 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2388-573X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vittorio","family":"Sciruicchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children Epilepsy and EEG Center, San Paolo Hospital, ASL Bari, 70132 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Raffagnato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatric Unit, Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6149-0881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Raieli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Neuropsychiatry Department, Istituto Mediterraneo di Eccellenza Pediatrica-Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale e di Alta Specializzazione \u201cCivico Di Cristina e Benfratelli\u201d (ISMEP-ARNAS Civico Palermo), 90100 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Versace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Headache Center, Department of Pediatric Emergency, Regina Margherita Children\u2019s Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0006-3381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Toldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Juvenile Headache Center, Department of Woman\u2019s and Child\u2019s Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-023-01541-0","article-title":"Primary Headache Epidemiology in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"24","author":"Onofri","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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