{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:33:44Z","timestamp":1760060024888,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"China Postdoctoral Fund Project","award":["2022M711859","24QN022","155223017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M711859","24QN022","155223017"]}]},{"name":"General Administration of Sport of China, National Team Science and Technology Support Youth Project","award":["2022M711859","24QN022","155223017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M711859","24QN022","155223017"]}]},{"name":"The Science and Technology School-strengthen Project of CUPES","award":["2022M711859","24QN022","155223017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M711859","24QN022","155223017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cold-water immersion (CWI), as a common recovery method, has been widely used in the field of post-exercise fatigue recovery. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive and systematic scientific evaluation of the combined effects of cold-water immersion combined with other therapies (CWI + Other). The aim of this study was to compare the effects of CWI and CWI + Other in post-exercise fatigue recovery and to explore the potential benefits of CWI + Other. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and EBSCO databases to include 24 studies (475 subjects in total) and performed a meta-analysis using standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The results showed that both CWI + Other (SMD = \u22120.68, 95% CI: \u22121.03 to \u22120.33) and CWI (SMD = \u22120.37, 95% CI: \u22120.65 to \u22120.10) were effective in reducing delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). In subgroup analyses of athletes, both CWI + Other (SMD = \u22121.13, 95% CI: \u22121.76 to \u22120.49) and CWI (SMD = \u22120.47, 95% CI: \u22120.87 to \u22120.08) also demonstrated significant effects. In addition, CWI + Other significantly reduced post-exercise C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (SMD = \u22120.62, 95% CI: \u22121.12 to \u22120.13), and CWI with water temperatures higher than 10 \u00b0C also showed a CRP-lowering effect (MD = \u22120.18, 95% CI: \u22120.30 to \u22120.07), suggesting a potential benefit in anti-inflammation. There were no significant differences between the two interventions in the metrics of creatine kinase (CK; CWI: SMD = \u22120.01, 95% CI: \u22120.27 to 0.24; CWI + Other: SMD = 0.26, 95% CI: \u22120.51 to 1.03) or countermovement jump (CMJ; CWI: SMD = 0.22, 95% CI: \u22120.13 to 0.57; CWI + Other: SMD = 0.07, 95% CI: \u22120.70 to 0.85).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15081205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T16:00:37Z","timestamp":1753718437000},"page":"1205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of the Effects of Cold-Water Immersion Applied Alone and Combined Therapy on the Recovery of Muscle Fatigue After Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Junjie","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence in Sports, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changfei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence in Sports, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Research, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5157-3138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoke","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4868-3720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2133-2445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongxue","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence in Sports, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7874-9092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence in Sports, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.4.1725","article-title":"Spinal and Supraspinal Factors in Human Muscle Fatigue","volume":"81","author":"Gandevia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol. 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