{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:33:57Z","timestamp":1760060037142,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Programa de Apoyo al Fortalecimiento Institucional","award":["20-2023","1238496"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-2023","1238496"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnolog\u00edas (Conahcyt)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-2023","1238496"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-2023","1238496"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n (UANL) through the Secretar\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["20-2023","1238496"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-2023","1238496"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leptospirosis is a globally significant zoonosis affecting animal health, productivity, and the environment. While typically associated with tropical climates, its persistence in semi-arid regions such as La Laguna, Mexico\u2014characterized by low humidity, high temperatures, and limited water sources\u2014remains poorly understood. Although these adverse environmental conditions theoretically limit the survival of Leptospira, high livestock density and synanthropic reservoirs (e.g., rodents) may compensate, facilitating transmission. In this cross-sectional study, blood sera from 445 dairy cows (28 herds: 12 intensive [MI], 16 semi-intensive [MSI] systems) were analyzed via microscopic agglutination testing (MAT) against 10 pathogenic serovars. Urine samples were cultured for active Leptospira detection. Risk factors were assessed through epidemiological surveys and multivariable analysis. This study revealed an overall apparent seroprevalence of 27.0% (95% CI: 22.8\u201331.1), with significantly higher rates in MSI (54.1%) versus MI (12.2%) herds (p &lt; 0.001) and an estimated true seroprevalence of 56.3% (95% CI: 50.2\u201362.1) in MSI and 13.1% (95% CI: 8.5\u201318.7) in MI herds (p &lt; 0.001). The Sejroe serogroup was isolated from urine in both systems, confirming active circulation. In MI herds, rodent presence (OR: 3.6; 95% CI: 1.6\u20137.9) was identified as a risk factor for Leptospira seropositivity, while first-trimester abortions (OR:10.1; 95% CI: 4.2\u201324.2) were significantly associated with infection. In MSI herds, risk factors associated with Leptospira seropositivity included co-occurrence with hens (OR: 2.8; 95% CI: 1.5\u20135.3) and natural breeding (OR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.1\u20133.9), whereas mastitis\/agalactiae (OR: 2.8; 95% CI: 1.5\u20135.2) represented a clinical outcome associated with seropositivity. Despite semi-arid conditions, Leptospira maintains transmission in La Laguna, particularly in semi-intensive systems. The coexistence of adapted (Sejroe) and incidental serogroups underscores the need for targeted interventions, such as rodent control in MI systems and poultry management in MSI systems, to mitigate both zoonotic and economic impacts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15081224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T09:41:17Z","timestamp":1754300477000},"page":"1224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bovine Leptospirosis: Serology, Isolation, and Risk Factors in Dairy Farms of La Laguna, Mexico"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Alejandra Mar\u00eda","family":"Pescador-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cuerpo Acad\u00e9mico de Epidemiolog\u00eda Veterinaria, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Campus Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mariano Escobedo, Nuevo Le\u00f3n C.P. 66054, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas Francisco","family":"Ch\u00e1vez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cuerpo Acad\u00e9mico de Epidemiolog\u00eda Veterinaria, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Campus Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mariano Escobedo, Nuevo Le\u00f3n C.P. 66054, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8220-6314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucio","family":"Galaviz-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Patolog\u00eda Molecular y Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Ave. Universidad, S\/N, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Le\u00f3n C.P. 66455, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan Jos\u00e9","family":"Zarate-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cuerpo Acad\u00e9mico de Epidemiolog\u00eda Veterinaria, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Campus Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mariano Escobedo, Nuevo Le\u00f3n C.P. 66054, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Pablo","family":"Villarreal-Villarreal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cuerpo Acad\u00e9mico de Epidemiolog\u00eda Veterinaria, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Campus Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mariano Escobedo, Nuevo Le\u00f3n C.P. 66054, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergio Eduardo","family":"Bernal-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Agronom\u00eda, Campus Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mariano Escobedo, Nuevo Le\u00f3n C.P. 66054, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0342-1703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uziel","family":"Castillo-Vel\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cuerpo Acad\u00e9mico de Epidemiolog\u00eda Veterinaria, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Campus Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mariano Escobedo, Nuevo Le\u00f3n C.P. 66054, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8148-725X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Cervantes-Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cuerpo Acad\u00e9mico de Epidemiolog\u00eda Veterinaria, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Campus Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mariano Escobedo, Nuevo Le\u00f3n C.P. 66054, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8860-5685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramiro","family":"Avalos-Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cuerpo Acad\u00e9mico de Epidemiolog\u00eda Veterinaria, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Campus Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mariano Escobedo, Nuevo Le\u00f3n C.P. 66054, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bradley, E.A., and Lockaby, G. 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