{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:14:11Z","timestamp":1790036051174,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":180,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,3]],"date-time":"2025-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the main cause of morbidity and death worldwide, and atherosclerosis represents the leading pathophysiological pathway responsible for CAD. Atherosclerotic process is a complex interplay of mechanisms and mediators resulting in plaque formation, progression and destabilization, the latter being the most frequent cause of acute cardiovascular events. Considering the systemic nature of atherosclerosis, polyvascular disease involvement is possible and has been described since 1960s. Accordingly, epidemiologic studies reported that concomitant CAD and atherosclerosis in other arterial beds like carotid arteries, lower limb arteries, mesenteric and renal circulation, and aorta, is frequent and related to increased chance of future cardiovascular events. Although risk factors, atherosclerotic plaque features and mechanisms of plaque destabilization are largely shared across different sites, many studies have reported some disparities among districts. Moreover, simultaneous polyvascular disease has been associated with increased likelihood of having particular plaque characteristics depending on the affected arterial level. In this comprehensive narrative review, we aim to discuss about epidemiology of concomitant CAD and atherosclerosis in other arterial beds, and to examine differences in risk factors, plaque features and mechanisms of plaque instability between CAD and other atherosclerotic locations. Finally, we review the studies observing differences on plaque features according to involved atherosclerotic sites, focusing on CAD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15081226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T09:41:17Z","timestamp":1754300477000},"page":"1226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Coronary Artery Disease and Atherosclerosis in Other Vascular Districts: Epidemiology, Risk Factors and Atherosclerotic Plaque Features"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6602-971X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Russo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, SS. Annunziata Hospital, ASL2 Abruzzo, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, F. Renzetti Hospital, ASL2 Abruzzo, 66034 Lanciano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, S. Maria dei Battuti Hospital, AULSS 2 Veneto, 31015 Conegliano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippo Luca","family":"Gurgoglione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Rinaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Infermi Hospital, 47923 Rimini, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0645-8974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Torlai Triglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0321-7155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Foschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Vigna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rocco","family":"Vergallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interventional Cardiology Unit, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department (DICATOV), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), Universit\u00e0 di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6439-1018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rocco Antonio","family":"Montone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umberto","family":"Benedetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giampaolo","family":"Niccoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5455-6010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Zimarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, SS. Annunziata Hospital, ASL2 Abruzzo, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, \u201cGabriele d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.11.007","article-title":"Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risks Collaborators. Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risks, 1990\u20132022","volume":"82","author":"Mensah","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Forecasting Collaborators (2024). Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022\u20132050: A forecastingxf analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. 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