{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:12:29Z","timestamp":1792793549674,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":224,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing prevalence of chronic metabolic diseases poses a significant challenge in the modern world, impacting healthcare systems and individual life expectancy. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that older adults (65+ years) engage in 150\u2013300 min of moderate-intensity or 75\u2013150 min of vigorous-intensity physical activity, alongside muscle-strengthening and balance-training exercises at least twice a week. However, nearly one-third of the adult population (31%) is physically inactive, which increases the risk of developing obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and psychological issues. Physical activity in the form of aerobic exercise, resistance training, or a combination of both is effective in preventing and managing these metabolic diseases. In this review, we explored the effects of exercise training, especially on respiratory and pulmonary factors, including oxygen consumption, pulmonary ventilation, and blood gas analyses among adults. During exercise, oxygen consumption can increase up to 15-fold (from a resting rate of ~250 mL\/min) to meet heightened metabolic demands, enhancing tidal volume and pulmonary efficiency. During exercise, the increased energy demand of skeletal muscle leads to increases in tidal volume and pulmonary function, while blood gases play a key role in maintaining the pH of the blood. In this review, we explored the influence of age, body composition (BMI and obesity), lifestyle factors (smoking and alcohol use), and comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension, neurodegenerative disorders) in the modulation of these physiological responses. We underscored exercise as a potent non-pharmacological intervention for improving cardiopulmonary health and mitigating the progression of metabolic diseases in aging populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15081255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T08:09:35Z","timestamp":1754640575000},"page":"1255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Influence of Exercise on Oxygen Consumption, Pulmonary Ventilation, and Blood Gas Analyses in Individuals with Chronic Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4038-1368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mallikarjuna","family":"Korivi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6743-3159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohan Krishna","family":"Ghanta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, MVJ Medical College and Research Hospital, Hoskote, Bengaluru 562114, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5608-865X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Poojith","family":"Nuthalapati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nagabhishek Sirpu","family":"Natesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"},{"name":"Roy Blunt NextGen Precision Health Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingwei","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qixin College, Ningbo Tech University, Ningbo 315100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2977-6454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"LVKS","family":"Bhaskar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur 495009, Chhattisgarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102955","article-title":"World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour","volume":"54","author":"Bull","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. 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