{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:38:32Z","timestamp":1787585912618,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200129"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the potential of Thymus serpyllum L. and Mentha \u00d7 piperita L. essential oils (EOs), known for their bioactive properties, as adjunctive treatments targeting Basal cell carcinoma cancer stem cells (BCC CSCs). Primary cultures were established from ten BCC tumor samples and their distant resection margins as controls. The chemical composition of the EOs was analyzed by gas chromatography\u2013mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The biological effects were evaluated via colony and spheroid formation, scratch assays, MTT and neutral red cytotoxicity assays, and qRT-PCR for Hh (SHH, PTCH1, SMO, and GLI1) and Notch (Notch1 and JAG1) gene expression. GC analysis identified thymol, p-cymene, and linalool as the main components of the EO of T. serpyllum L., and menthone and menthol in the EO of M. \u00d7 piperita L. IC50 values were 262 \u00b5g\/mL for T. serpyllum L. and 556 \u00b5g\/mL for M. \u00d7 piperita L. and were applied in all experiments. Both EOs significantly reduced CSC clonogenicity and migration (p &lt; 0.05). The EO of T. serpyllum L. downregulated SMO and GLI1, while the EO of M. \u00d7 piperita L. upregulated PTCH1, Notch1, and JAG1 (p &lt; 0.05). These findings suggest that both EOs exhibit anticancer effects in BCC CSCs by modulating key oncogenic pathways, supporting their potential in BCC therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15081296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T15:16:37Z","timestamp":1755184597000},"page":"1296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cytotoxic Effects of Thymus serpyllum L. and Mentha \u00d7 piperita L. Essential Oils on Basal Cell Carcinoma\u2014An In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9489-5244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja","family":"Milosevic Markovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3438-6410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boban","family":"Anicic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1330-5332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milos","family":"Lazarevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1114-0829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milica","family":"Jaksic Karisik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0650-8193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dijana","family":"Mitic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Branislav","family":"Milovanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases \u201cDedinje\u201d, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3291-9818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Ivanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5332-4696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilinka","family":"Pecinar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agrobotany, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milan","family":"Petrovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1709-8449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masa","family":"Petrovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases \u201cDedinje\u201d, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5090-6029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikola","family":"Markovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases \u201cDedinje\u201d, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milovan","family":"Bojic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases \u201cDedinje\u201d, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nada","family":"Petrovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Development and Production Center BIOSS\u2014Petrovi\u0107 IN, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Slobodan","family":"Petrovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Development and Production Center BIOSS\u2014Petrovi\u0107 IN, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6225-7210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelena","family":"Milasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Global Burden of Disease 2019 Cancer Collaboration, Kocarnik, J.M., Compton, K., Dean, F.E., Fu, W., Gaw, B.L., Harvey, J.D., Henrikson, H.J., Lu, D., and Pennini, A. 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