{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:37:30Z","timestamp":1760060250018,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Secretary of Science, Humanities, Technology and Innovation","award":["CF-2023-I-1259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CF-2023-I-1259"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spatial navigation involves the use of external (allocentric) and internal (egocentric) processing. These processes interact differentially depending on age. In order to explore the effectiveness of these interactions in different age groups (study 1), we compared the performance of children and adults in a two-session spatial maze task. This task was performed under deprived vision, thus preventing visual cues critical for allocentric processing. Number of correct performances and performance time were recorded as outcome measures. We recruited thirty healthy participants for the children (mean age 10.97 \u00b1 0.55) and the adult (mean age 21.16 \u00b1 1.76) groups, respectively. The results revealed a significantly higher number of correct actions and shorter performance times during maze solving in children compared to adults. These differences between children and adults might be due to developmental and cortical reorganization factors influencing egocentric processing. Assuming that activation of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) facilitates egocentric spatial processing, we applied excitatory anodal tDCS over the right PPC in a second study with a different healthy adult group (N = 30, mean age 21.23 \u00b1 2.01). Using the same spatial navigation task as in study 1, we evaluated possible performance improvements in adults associated with this neuromodulation method. Compared to a sham stimulation group, anodal tDCS over the right PPC did not significantly improve spatial task performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15081323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T13:18:14Z","timestamp":1755695894000},"page":"1323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differential Performance of Children and Adults in a Vision-Deprived Maze Spatial Navigation Task and Exploration of the Impact of tDCS over the Right Posterior Parietal Cortex on Performance in Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8102-4992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G. Nathzidy","family":"Rivera-Urbina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Administrative and Social Sciences, Autonomous University of Baja California, Blvd. Juan A Zertuche y Blvd de los Lagos s\/n Fracc. Valle Dorado, Ensenada C.P. 22890, Baja California, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0393-0736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noah M.","family":"Kemp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Administrative and Social Sciences, Autonomous University of Baja California, Blvd. Juan A Zertuche y Blvd de los Lagos s\/n Fracc. Valle Dorado, Ensenada C.P. 22890, Baja California, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Nitsche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, 44139 Dortmund, Germany"},{"name":"University Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Protestant Hospital of Bethel Foundation, University Hospital OWL, Bielefeld University, 33602 Bielefeld, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Mental Health (DZPG), 44787 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0381-8927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Molero-Chamizo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-022-00599-z","article-title":"Aging: Working Memory Capacity and Spatial Strategies in a Virtual Orientation Task","volume":"45","year":"2023","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2018.09.017","article-title":"Spatial Memory in Young Adults: Gender Differences in Egocentric and Allocentric Performance","volume":"359","author":"Arias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. 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