{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T23:36:09Z","timestamp":1791416169552,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,14]],"date-time":"2025-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mark Diamond Research Fund","award":["#Sp11-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#Sp11-03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pelvis and trunk counter-rotation are key factors known to effect throwing arm kinematics in baseball pitching, where energy or momentum is transferred from the lower extremities through to the trunk during the pitching cycle. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively analyze previously recorded motion capture data of 19 skilled competitive pitchers to test the a priori hypothesis whether different stride lengths affect transverse pelvis and trunk biomechanics. A blinded randomized crossover design was used where pitchers threw two simulated games at \u00b125% from desired stride length (DSL), respective of overstride (OS) and under-stride (US). Variables of interest included pelvic\u2013trunk separation (PTS) angle or degree of uncoupling and proximal plyometric effect (PPE) or ratio between trunk\u2013pelvis angular velocities, as surrogate measures of rotational and elastic energy transfer. Paired t-tests were used to compare across stride conditions. A one-way ANOVA with a Bonferroni post hoc analysis demonstrated stride lengths differed statistically, (DSL vs. OS p = 0.006), (DSL vs. US, p &lt; 0.001), and (US vs. OS, p &lt; 0.001). Despite the statistically different stride lengths, fastball velocities tracked with radar were consistent. No significant differences within and across innings pitched between OS and OS conditions were found. The \u00b125% stride length changes influenced temporal parameters within the pitching cycle. Shorter stride elicited by early SFC reduced time during the Generation phase and extended the Brace-Transfer duration (p &lt; 0.001). Statistically different transverse pelvis and trunk kinematics at hallmark events and phases consequently influenced pelvic\u2013trunk separation and proximal plyometrics. During the Generation (PKH-SFC) and Brace-Transfer (SFC-MER) phases, the pelvis and trunk were significantly more externally rotated (p &lt; 0.001) with shorter strides, concomitant with less separation at the instant of SFC and the Generation phase with greater peak proximal plyometrics effect ratios peak during throwing arm acceleration, indicative of greater contribution of trunk angular velocity (p &lt; 0.05). Greater transverse trunk angular velocities relative to the pelvis late in double support necessitates the throwing arm to \u201ccatch up\u201d from a position of greater arm lag, which compromises the dynamic and passive stabilizers. In conclusion, stride length alters pitching biomechanics and timing of peak pelvic\u2013trunk separation and trunk angular velocity relative to the pelvis. Increased shoulder and elbow tensile stress is to be expected, consequently increasing risk for injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15091440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T07:56:51Z","timestamp":1757923011000},"page":"1440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Influence of Stride Length on Pelvic\u2013Trunk Separation and Proximal Plyometrics in Baseball Pitching"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9893-245X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan K.","family":"Ramsey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Doctoral Studies and Research, D\u2019Youville University, Buffalo, NY 14201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan L.","family":"Crotin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ArmCare.com, Indialantic, FL 32903, USA"},{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272, USA"},{"name":"Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738109343543","article-title":"Prevention of Overuse Injuries in Young Baseball Pitchers","volume":"1","author":"Parks","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2015.01.011","article-title":"Physical and Cognitive Consequences of Fatigue: A Review","volume":"6","author":"Abdelazeim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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