{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T16:01:43Z","timestamp":1790352103572,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":182,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Lupus nephritis (LN) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Biomarkers derived from blood, urine, and multi-omics techniques are essential for enabling access to less invasive methods for LN evaluation and personalized precision medicine. Materials and Methods: The purpose of this work was to review the studies that addressed the potential role of urinary and serological biomarkers for the diagnosis, disease activity, response to treatment, and renal outcome of adult patients with LN, published over the past decade, and summarize their results with a particular emphasis being directed towards the available traditional tools. Results: Traditional biomarkers used for the diagnosis and surveillance of LN are proteinuria, urinary sediment, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), anti-double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (anti-dsDNA), anti-C1q, and serum complement levels. Anti-dsDNA, serum C3, and proteinuria are the conventional biomarkers with the strongest clinical evidence, with overall moderate ability in predicting LN from non-renal SLE, disease activity, renal flares, response to therapy, and prognosis. The last decade has brought significant progress in our understanding regarding the pathogenesis of LN and, consequently, several molecules, either alone or in combination panels, have emerged as potential novel biomarkers, some of them outperforming conventional biomarkers. Promising results have been suggested for urinary activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM), soluble cluster of differentiation 163 (CD163), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1). Conclusions: Despite the intensive research of the last decade, no novel biomarker has entered clinical practice, and we continue to rely on traditional biomarkers to assess non-invasively LN and guide its treatment. Novel biomarkers should be validated in multiple longitudinal independent cohorts, compared with conventional biomarkers, and integrated with renal histology information in order to optimize the management of LN patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15101497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T13:48:37Z","timestamp":1758635317000},"page":"1497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Biomarkers in Lupus Nephritis: An Evidence-Based Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Vrabie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4796-4950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan","family":"Obri\u0219c\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3574-4635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan Marian","family":"Sorohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Kidney Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gener","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2015.159","article-title":"What Is Damaging the Kidney in Lupus Nephritis?","volume":"12","author":"Davidson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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