{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T16:05:15Z","timestamp":1788537915546,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Linezolid, a synthetic antimicrobial agent, may induce oxidative damage in ocular tissues, particularly in the optic nerve. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is involved in the production of antioxidants that scavenge and neutralize reactive oxygen species. This study aims to evaluate the potential protective effect of exogenous ATP against linezolid-induced ocular damage in rats, in comparison with methylprednisolone. Wistar-type rats were divided into five groups as follows: healthy (HG), ATP-only (ATPG), linezolid-only (LZDG), ATP + linezolid (ATLDG), and methylprednisolone + linezolid groups (MPLDG). Oxidative stress markers, antioxidant biomarkers, and proinflammatory cytokines were analyzed in isolated ocular tissues. Optic nerve tissue was also evaluated histopathologically. Linezolid administration increased the oxidative stress marker MDA and the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-\u03b1, while decreasing antioxidant parameters such as tGSH, SOD and CAT in rat ocular tissues, compared to the healthy group. However, it did not significantly alter serum troponin I levels. Histopathological analysis revealed that linezolid induced oxidative damage and inflammation in optic nerve tissue, with marked glial alterations. ATP administration reduced linezolid-induced oxidative stress in ocular tissue, as indicated by decreased MDA levels. It also enhanced antioxidant defenses by increasing tGSH, SOD, and CAT levels. In addition, ATP lowered proinflammatory cytokine levels, thereby alleviating inflammation. These effects collectively contributed to the restoration of biochemical parameters toward normal levels. In addition, ATP mitigated linezolid-induced optic nerve damage and glial alterations. The critical role of ATP in reducing oxidative stress, restoring antioxidant balance, and suppressing inflammation may represent a promising therapeutic approach for linezolid-induced ocular toxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15101587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:13:27Z","timestamp":1760361207000},"page":"1587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Protective Effect of Exogenous Adenosine Triphosphate Against Ocular Toxicity of Linezolid in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Cenap Mahmut","family":"Esenulku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Trabzon Kanuni Education and Research Hospital, Health Sciences Univesity, Trabzon 61250, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Cicek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m University, Erzincan 24100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmet Mehmet","family":"Somuncu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Trabzon Kanuni Education and Research Hospital, Health Sciences Univesity, Trabzon 61250, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7576-0678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bulent","family":"Yavuzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m University, Erzincan 24100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3491-9798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esra Tuba","family":"Sezgin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Anesthesia, Vocational School of Health Services, Erzincan Binali Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m University, Erzincan 24100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tugba Bal","family":"Tastan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m University, Erzincan 24100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5431-111X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurinisa","family":"Y\u00fccel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Services Program, Vocational School of Health Services, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan 24100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0347-7827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ezgi","family":"Karatas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri 04100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9239-4099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halis","family":"Suleyman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m University, Erzincan 24100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Azzouz, A., and Preuss, C.V. 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