{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T19:23:20Z","timestamp":1785353000954,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Biomedical research of the Italian Health Ministry\u2014Ricerca Corrente Program\u20142025","award":["2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Primary headaches in children and adolescents impose emotional, cognitive, and functional burdens beyond pain. This review synthesizes their psychopathological and neuropsychological dimensions and outlines implications for assessment and care. Methods: We performed a comprehensive review with systematic searches of PubMed, Scopus, and Embase (2015\u20132025). We included observational\/experimental studies and evidence syntheses on 0\u201318-year-olds with migraine, tension-type, or cluster headache; treatment-only reports were excluded. Results: Across population and clinic samples, primary headaches co-occur with elevated anxiety\/depression, frequent ADHD\/learning problems, and pervasive sleep disturbances with likely bidirectionality. Interictally, small to moderate neurocognitive differences are most consistent in attention\/executive control, processing speed, and verbal memory. Quality of life and school participation are reduced. Standardized tools (e.g., PedMIDAS, PedsQL\/KIDSCREEN, SDQ\/CBCL, SDSC\u00b1actigraphy, NEPSY-II\/BRIEF) support multidisciplinary assessment. Conclusions: Care should look beyond pain counts, integrating routine screening of mood, sleep, and cognition; active family involvement; and school\u2013healthcare coordination within stepped-care pathways (education and sleep hygiene for all; targeted CBT for catastrophizing\/avoidance) with monitoring that pairs headache frequency with functional outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15101641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T14:24:02Z","timestamp":1761056642000},"page":"1641","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Beyond the Pain: A Critical Examination of the Psychopathological and Neuropsychological Dimensions of Primary Headaches in Pediatric Populations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4351-7395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Accogli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Institute IRCCS \u201cE. Medea\u201d, Scientific Direction, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7697-7294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Nicolardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Institute IRCCS \u201cE. Medea\u201d, Scientific Direction, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Ferrante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associazione \u201cLa Nostra Famiglia\u201d\u2014IRCCS \u201cE. Medea\u201d\u2014Scientific Hospital for Neurorehabilitation\u2014Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), 72100 Brindisi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Carlucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associazione \u201cLa Nostra Famiglia\u201d\u2014IRCCS \u201cE. Medea\u201d\u2014Scientific Hospital for Neurorehabilitation\u2014Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), 72100 Brindisi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Scoditti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associazione \u201cLa Nostra Famiglia\u201d\u2014IRCCS \u201cE. Medea\u201d\u2014Scientific Hospital for Neurorehabilitation\u2014Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), 72100 Brindisi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3165-0105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Trabacca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Institute IRCCS \u201cE. Medea\u201d, Scientific Direction, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"86","article-title":"WHO-Facts Sheet","volume":"56","author":"Mammen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kuwait Med. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32160-7","article-title":"Migraine: Epidemiology and Systems of Care","volume":"397","author":"Ashina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000133301.66364.9B","article-title":"Classification of Primary Headaches","volume":"63","author":"Lipton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2018.06.006","article-title":"Primary Headaches","volume":"62","author":"Mier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2019.07.010","article-title":"Other Primary Headaches: An Update","volume":"37","author":"Pascual","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) (2018). The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd Edition. Cephalalgia, 38, 1\u2013211.","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417738202"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-024-01889-x","article-title":"Hallmarks of Primary Headache: Part 1\u2014Migraine","volume":"25","author":"Raggi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-023-01614-0","article-title":"Debate: Differences and Similarities between Tension-Type Headache and Migraine","volume":"24","author":"Onan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-025-02098-w","article-title":"Hallmarks of Primary Headache: Part 2\u2014Tension-Type Headache","volume":"26","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baglioni, V., Orecchio, S., Esposito, D., Faedda, N., Natalucci, G., and Guidetti, V. (2023). Tension-Type Headache in Children and Adolescents. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13030825"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073820988417","article-title":"Migraine and Tension-Type Headache Among Children and Adolescents: Application of International Headache Society Criteria in a Clinical Setting","volume":"36","author":"Genizi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leonardi, M., Grazzi, L., D\u2019Amico, D., Martelletti, P., Guastafierro, E., Toppo, C., and Raggi, A. (2021). Global Burden of Headache Disorders in Children and Adolescents 2007\u20132017. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18010250"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-021-01281-z","article-title":"Comorbidities of Primary Headache Disorders: A Literature Review with Meta-Analysis","volume":"22","author":"Caponnetto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abu-Arafeh, I. (2023). Headache and Psychological Comorbidities: An Appraisal of the Evidence. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12072683"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102415580099","article-title":"Quality of Life in Primary Headache Disorders: A Review","volume":"36","author":"Tanprawate","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6685372","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/6685372","article-title":"Personality in Chronic Headache: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis","volume":"2023","author":"Bottiroli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain Res. Manag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14633","article-title":"Headache and Psychological Variables as Predictors of Disability in Individuals with Primary Headache Disorders","volume":"63","author":"McCracken","year":"2023","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miscioscia, M., Di Riso, D., Spaggiari, S., Poli, M., Gaiga, G., Randazzo, G., Pelizza, M.F., Galdiolo, L., Raffagnato, A., and Sartori, S. (2022). Emotional Experience and Regulation in Juvenile Primary Headaches: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study. Children, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9111630"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-015-0536-2","article-title":"Migraine Equivalents and Related Symptoms, Psychological Profile and Headache Features: Which Relationship?","volume":"16","author":"Tarantino","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13007","article-title":"Role of the Attachment Style in Determining the Association Between Headache Features and Psychological Symptoms in Migraine Children and Adolescents. An Analytical Observational Case\u2013Control Study","volume":"57","author":"Tarantino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-022-01045-7","article-title":"Emotional Problems in Pediatric Headache Patients","volume":"26","author":"Shimomura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-022-01039-5","article-title":"Cognitive Impairment in Primary and Secondary Headache Disorders","volume":"26","author":"Robbins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2024067838","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2024-067838","article-title":"Neuropsychological Functioning in Pediatric Primary Headache Disorders: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"155","author":"Pizer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.2244","article-title":"In Search of a Neuropsychological Profile for Migraine: A Scoping Review","volume":"28","author":"Richardson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarantino, S., Proietti Checchi, M., Papetti, L., Ursitti, F., Sforza, G., Ferilli, M.A.N., Moavero, R., Monte, G., Capitello, T.G., and Vigevano, F. (2022). Interictal Cognitive Performance in Children and Adolescents with Primary Headache: A Narrative Review. Front. Neurol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.898626"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x","article-title":"A Typology of Reviews: An Analysis of 14 Review Types and Associated Methodologies","volume":"26","author":"Grant","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Inf. Libr. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12510","article-title":"Psychosocial Adjustment of Children with Migraine and Tension-Type Headache\u2014A Nationwide Study","volume":"55","author":"Arruda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2016.402","article-title":"Migraine and Mental Health in a Population-Based Sample of Adolescents","volume":"44","author":"Orr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000496","article-title":"Common Pediatric Pain Disorders and Their Clinical Associations","volume":"33","author":"Donnelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12555","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental and Mental Health Comorbidities in Children and Adolescents with Epilepsy and Migraine: A Response to Identified Research Gaps","volume":"57","author":"Wagner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01599-0","article-title":"Headache and Mental Disorders in a Nationally Representative Sample of American Youth","volume":"31","author":"Hommer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12910","article-title":"Mental Health and School Absenteeism in Children with Long-Term Physical Conditions: A Secondary Analysis of the British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Surveys 2004 and 2007","volume":"48","author":"Finning","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.54029\/2023mwn","article-title":"Assessment of Headache in Children with Psychiatric Symptoms","volume":"28","author":"Yavuz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol. Asia"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.04.006","article-title":"Headache Symptoms Consistent with Migraine and Tension-Type Headaches in Children with Anxiety Disorders","volume":"40","author":"Fielding","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"312","article-title":"The High Level of Psychiatric Disorders Associated with Migraine or Tension-Type Headache in Adolescents","volume":"34","author":"Toros","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uyar Cankay, T., and Besenek, M. (2021). Negative Effects of Accompanying Psychiatric Disturbances on Functionality among Adolescents with Chronic Migraine. BMC Neurol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02119-6"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"6893","article-title":"Primary Headache in Childhood Associated with Psychiatric Disturbances: An Update","volume":"24","author":"Romano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13990","article-title":"Longitudinal Study Shows That Depression in Childhood Is Associated with a Worse Evolution of Headaches in Adolescence","volume":"106","author":"Amouroux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr. Int. J. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2015.10.024","article-title":"What Factors Contribute to Headache-Related Disability in Teens?","volume":"56","author":"Kemper","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-16-10","article-title":"The Relationship of Anxiety, Depression and Behavioral Problems with Recurrent Headache in Late Adolescence\u2014A Young-HUNT Follow-up Study","volume":"16","author":"Blaauw","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2015.58.2.64","article-title":"Screening for Depression and Anxiety Disorder in Children with Headache","volume":"58","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24134","article-title":"Incontinence and Headache in Preschool Children","volume":"38","author":"Overs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2022.2154657","article-title":"The Influence of Anxiety and Depression on Headache in Adolescent Migraineurs: A Case-Control Study","volume":"22","author":"Jafari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A\u00e7lkel, S.B., Bilgi\u00e7, A., Derin, H., Ero\u01e7lu, A., Ak\u00e7a, O.F., and \u00c7aksen, H. (J. Pediatr. Neurol., 2021). Erratum: Comparison of Children with Migraine and Those with Tension-Type Headache for Psychiatric Symptoms and Quality of Life (Journal of Pediatric Neurology (2019) DOI: 10.1055\/s-0039-1692138), J. Pediatr. Neurol.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1692138"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024211021792","article-title":"Migraine and the Development of Additional Psychiatric and Pain Disorders in the Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood","volume":"41","author":"Gerstl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4946.16.04256-0","article-title":"Headache and Psychological Disorders in Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Generational Study","volume":"69","author":"Galli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/17450128.2022.2073416","article-title":"The Prevalence and Impact of Primary Headaches in Orphaned Children: A Cross-Sectional, Observational Study in a Boarding School","volume":"18","author":"Abanoz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vulnerable Child. Youth Stud."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054717710767","article-title":"ADHD Is Comorbid to Migraine in Childhood: A Population-Based Study","volume":"24","author":"Arruda","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14306","article-title":"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Risk of Migraine: A Nationwide Longitudinal Study","volume":"62","author":"Hsu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-016-0625-x","article-title":"Pediatric Mixed Headache -The Relationship between Migraine, Tension-Type Headache and Learning Disabilities\u2014In a Clinic-Based Sample","volume":"17","author":"Genizi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/19418744221124646","article-title":"Rate and Predictors of Intractable Status Migrainosus among Patients Aged 13\u201318 Years","volume":"13","author":"Goenka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurohospitalist"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Attygalle, U.R., Hewawitharana, G., and Wijesinghe, C.J. (2020). Migraine, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Screen Time in Children Attending a Sri Lankan Tertiary Care Facility: Are They Associated?. BMC Neurol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-020-01855-5"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.23736\/S2724-5276.21.06191-7","article-title":"Correlation between Primary Headaches and Learning Disabilities in Children and Adolescents","volume":"74","author":"Onofri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"729","article-title":"Internalizing Problems Are Related to Sleep Patterns Disordered in Children Affected by Primary Headache","volume":"33","author":"Maltese","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Med. Mediterr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2019.04.023","article-title":"Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis and Polysomnographic Findings in Children with Migraine Referred to Sleep Clinics","volume":"63","author":"King","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.25122\/jml-2020-0025","article-title":"The Role of Polysomnography in Identifying Sleep Disorders in Children with Migraine","volume":"13","author":"Nita","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Life"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14626","article-title":"Preliminary Exploration of a Multidimensional Sleep Health Composite in Adolescent Females with Frequent Migraine","volume":"63","author":"Clementi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102419835466","article-title":"Headaches and Sleep Problems in US Adolescents: Findings from the National Comorbidity Survey\u2014Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A)","volume":"39","author":"Lateef","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14299","article-title":"New Insight into the Neural Mechanisms of Migraine in Adolescents: Relationships with Sleep","volume":"62","author":"Schneider","year":"2022","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13207","article-title":"Pediatric Headache and Sleep Disturbance: A Comparison of Diagnostic Groups","volume":"58","author":"Rabner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"314","article-title":"Restless Legs Syndrome and Headache Cause Sleepiness and Consequent Poor School Performance: A Community-Based Study from Turkey","volume":"77","author":"Tuncel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esposito, M., Antinolfi, L., and Carotenuto, M. (2021). Neuropsychological Profile in Pediatric Migraine without Aura: A Pilot Study. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11121582"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1590\/s1980-57642016dn10100009","article-title":"Cognitive Functioning in Adolescents with Migraine","volume":"10","author":"Gomez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dement. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073815601498","article-title":"de S. Visual Attention in Children with Migraine: The Importance of Prophylaxis","volume":"31","author":"Villa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102420958388","article-title":"Visually Guided Associative Learning in Pediatric and Adult Migraine without Aura","volume":"41","author":"Giricz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1598046","article-title":"Auditory Processing in Children with Migraine: A Controlled Study","volume":"48","author":"Agessi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colon, E., Ludwick, A., Wilcox, S.L., Youssef, A.M., Danehy, A., Fair, D.A., Lebel, A.A., Burstein, R., Becerra, L., and Borsook, D. (2019). Migraine in the Young Brain: Adolescents vs. Young Adults. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00087"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Genizi, J., Samet, H., Zaitoon, H., Elimelech, U., Kerem, N.C., Kessel, A., Shalata, A., Nathan, K., and Engel-Yeger, B. (2025). Executive Functions, Anxiety, Social Participation and Quality of Life in Children with Migraine During COVID-19. Life, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/life15040528"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2022.01.011","article-title":"Migraine and Epilepsy: Social Cognition Skills in Pediatric Population","volume":"37","author":"Operto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13806","article-title":"Osmophobia and Odor-Triggered Headaches in Children and Adolescents: Prevalence, Associated Factors, and Importance in the Diagnosis of Migraine","volume":"60","year":"2020","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sciruicchio, V., D\u2019Agnano, D., Clemente, L., Rutigliano, A., Laporta, A., and de Tommaso, M. (2023). Clinical Correlates of Osmophobia in Primary Headaches: An Observational Study in Child Cohorts. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12082939"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sciruicchio, V., Simeone, M., Barbaro, M.G.F., Tanzi, R.C., Delussi, M.D., Libro, G., D\u2019Agnano, D., Basiliana, R., and De Tommaso, M. (2019). Pain Catastrophizing in Childhood Migraine: An Observational Study in a Tertiary Headache Center. Front. Neurol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00114"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsab115","article-title":"Health Mindsets in Pediatric Chronic Headache","volume":"47","author":"Caruso","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2022.04.001","article-title":"Early Maladaptive Schemas Differing According to Sex May Contribute to Migraine among the Youth","volume":"44","author":"Kayar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00fcler Aksu, G., Kayar, O., Tufan, A.E., K\u00fct\u00fck, M.\u00d6., \u00d6zda\u011f Acarli, A.N., Sucu, D.H., Ta\u015fdelen, B., Toros, F., and \u00d6zge, A. (2023). Early Maladaptive Schemas in Episodic and Chronic Migraine in Adolescents. Front. Neurol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1128953"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balottin, L., Mannarini, S., Candeloro, D., Mita, A., Chiappedi, M., and Balottin, U. (2018). Rorschach Evaluation of Personality and Emotional Characteristics in Adolescents with Migraine Versus Epilepsy and Controls. Front. Neurol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00160"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-016-0640-y","article-title":"Alexithymia and Psychopathological Symptoms in Adolescent Outpatients and Mothers Suffering from Migraines: A Case Control Study","volume":"17","author":"Cerutti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-015-0572-y","article-title":"Alexithymic Characteristics in Pediatric Patients with Primary Headache: A Comparison between Migraine and Tension-Type Headache","volume":"16","author":"Gatta","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Natalucci, G., Faedda, N., Quinzi, A., Alunni Fegatelli, D., Vestri, A., Turturo, G., Verdecchia, P., Bellini, B., Pirisi, C., and Calderoni, D. (2019). Alexithymia, Metacognition, and Theory of Mind in Children and Preadolescents with Migraine Without Aura (MWoA): A Case-Control Study. Front. Neurol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00774"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-019-03805-7","article-title":"Metacognition and Theory of Mind in Children with Migraine and Children with Internalizing Disorders","volume":"40","author":"Natalucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.5114\/nan.2023.130494","article-title":"Personality Traits through Psychological Dimensions in Adolescents with Headache: An Investigation on How Social Isolation during the Pandemic Influenced Mental Health\u2014A Pilot Study","volume":"18","author":"Basile","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-015-1599-x","article-title":"Coping Strategies among Adolescents with Chronic Headache and Mental Health Problems: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Study","volume":"4","author":"Hartberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-020-01119-0","article-title":"Sensory Processing Patterns Affect Headache Severity among Adolescents with Migraine","volume":"21","author":"Genizi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Operto, F.F., Craig, F., Peschechera, A., Mazza, R., Lecce, P.A., and Margari, L. (2018). Parenting Stress and Emotional\/Behavioral Problems in Adolescents with Primary Headache. Front. Neurol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00749"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-019-1050-8","article-title":"Prevalence and Burden of Headache in Children and Adolescents in Austria\u2014A Nationwide Study in a Representative Sample of Pupils Aged 10\u201318 Years","volume":"20","author":"Philipp","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Togha, M., Jafari, E., Salami, Z., Kamali, K., Mirzaee Godarzee, H., Mirzaee Godarzee, M., and Bavarnegin, S. (2023). The Prevalence and Impact of Tension-Type Headache in School-Aged Children in Iran. Front. Neurol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1259624"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102418777509","article-title":"Headache, Comorbidities and Lifestyle in an Adolescent Population (The TEENs Study)","volume":"39","author":"Quintana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073815623635","article-title":"Assessment of Psychopathology and Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents with Migraine","volume":"31","author":"Ozsoy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2023.05.019","article-title":"More Than a Headache: Lived Experience of Migraine in Youth","volume":"146","author":"Canfora","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"03331024241288523","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024241288523","article-title":"Prevalence and Impact of Primary Headaches among Students Aged 8\u201312 Years in Sub-Saharan Africa: Cameroon Experience","volume":"44","author":"Magnerou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"1661","article-title":"The Presence of Migraine Symptoms Was Associated with a Higher Likelihood to Present Eating Disorders Symptoms among Teenage Students","volume":"27","author":"Ximenes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200294","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000200294","article-title":"Clinic-Based Characterization of Adolescents and Young Adults with Migraine: Psychological Functioning, Headache Days, and Disability","volume":"14","author":"Gibler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04331-7","article-title":"Irritability and Its Relationships with Psychological Symptoms in Adolescents with Migraine: A Case-Control Study","volume":"41","author":"Tekin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13599","article-title":"Screening Family and Psychosocial Risk in Pediatric Migraine and Tension-Type Headache: Validation of the Psychosocial Assessment Tool (PAT)","volume":"59","author":"Law","year":"2019","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.26815\/acn.2022.00164","article-title":"Assessment of Parenting Attitudes by Children and Adolescents with Migraine","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Margari, L., Palumbi, R., Lecce, P.A., Craig, F., Simone, M., Margari, M., Seccia, S.M.C., and Buttiglione, M. (2018). Non-Verbal Cognitive Abilities in Children and Adolescents Affected by Migraine and Tension-Type Headache: An Observational Study Using the Leiter-3. Front. Neurol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00078"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.3940","article-title":"Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms and Disorders in Children and Adolescents with Migraine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"176","author":"Falla","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-015-0479-y","article-title":"Psychiatric Comorbidity in Childhood and Adolescence Headache","volume":"19","author":"Dyb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.01.002","article-title":"Comorbid Psychological Conditions in Pediatric Headache","volume":"23","author":"Slater","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000192","article-title":"Psychiatric Comorbidity and Paediatric Migraine: Examining the Evidence","volume":"28","author":"Gelfand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polese, D., Belli, A., Esposito, D., Evangelisti, M., Luchetti, A., Di Nardo, G., Parisi, P., and Bruni, O. (2022). Psychological Disorders, Adverse Childhood Experiences and Parental Psychiatric Disorders in Children Affected by Headache: A Systematic Review. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 140.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104798"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000001414","article-title":"Headache in Children and Adolescents","volume":"30","author":"Orr","year":"2024","journal-title":"Contin. Lifelong Learn. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/nsn.nsn_120_23","article-title":"Primary Headaches and Sleep Disorders: Review of Literature about Comorbidity in Children and Adolescents","volume":"41","author":"Basile","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2015.04.005","article-title":"Sleep and Headache","volume":"22","author":"Dosi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-017-1045-4","article-title":"ADHD Is Associated with Migraine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"27","author":"Salem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-015-0494-z","article-title":"Headache and ADHD in Pediatric Age: Possible Physiopathological Links","volume":"19","author":"Paolino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2025.104392","article-title":"Unraveling the Connections between Migraine and Psychiatric Comorbidities: A Narrative Review","volume":"47","author":"Yum","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-017-0633-9","article-title":"Primary Headaches and School Performance-Is There a Connection?","volume":"21","author":"Genizi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-020-00869-5","article-title":"Pediatric Migraine and Academics","volume":"24","author":"Langdon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"185","article-title":"Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents with Primary Headache Disorders","volume":"33","author":"Ayta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-018-0696-2","article-title":"Obesity and Migraine in Childhood","volume":"22","author":"Toldo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-019-03827-1","article-title":"Migraine in Childhood: An Organic, Biobehavioral, or Psychosomatic Disorder?","volume":"40","author":"Guidetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiappedi, M., Mensi, M., Antonaci, E., Zavani, E., Tronconi, L., Termine, C., and Balottin, U. (2018). Intellectual Profile of Adolescents with Headache: A Case-Control Study Using the WISC-IV. Front. Neurol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00128"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2021.04.004","article-title":"Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Pediatric Patients with Migraine and Tension-Type Headache","volume":"43","author":"Shimomura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.55730\/1300-0144.5870","article-title":"Internalizing Disorders Rather than ADHD Are Risk Factors for Chronicity in Pediatric Migraine Patients","volume":"54","author":"Aksu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Turk. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738211004514","article-title":"New Daily Persistent Headache in a Pediatric Population","volume":"36","author":"Strong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1727574","article-title":"Obesity, Migraine, and Overlapping Comorbidities in a Rural Pediatric Population","volume":"12","author":"Walter","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Rural Pract."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14701","article-title":"Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms and Migraine-Related Outcomes in Children and Adolescents","volume":"64","author":"Rizvi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70599","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.70599","article-title":"Psychiatric Co-Morbidities Among Children and Adolescents with Headache: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Study in Bangladesh","volume":"15","author":"Syed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonuccelli, A., Depietri, G., Baldaccini, T., Ricciutelli, I., Peroni, D., Spalice, A., Massimetti, G., Morganti, R., Orsini, A., and Striano, P. (2023). Essential Headaches in Developmental Age: What Is Changed before, during and after the Lockdown for COVID-19 Pandemic. Clinical Study. Front. Pediatr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1166984"}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/15\/10\/1641\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T14:40:40Z","timestamp":1761057640000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/15\/10\/1641"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"references-count":121,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["life15101641"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life15101641","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]}}}