{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T08:45:47Z","timestamp":1778575547819,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Horses maintained under traditional management systems and dependent on natural forages are often exposed to seasonal and compositional variations that can affect metabolic homeostasis. This study examined associations between forage nutrient composition and metabolic\u2013morphometric indicators in horses from four agroecologically distinct regions of northwestern Romania. Eighty-eight horses managed under semi-extensive rural conditions underwent clinical examination, body condition scoring (BCS), cresty neck scoring (CNS), and fasting blood sampling. Forage samples (n = 34) from daily rations were analyzed for fermentable carbohydrate content, while serum insulin, leptin, and adiponectin were quantified using validated equine-specific ELISA assays. Forage composition varied substantially among regions, influencing both endocrine and morphometric outcomes. Horses consuming carbohydrate-rich forages exhibited higher insulin (0.95\u2013219 \u03bcIU\/mL) and leptin concentrations (925\u201328,190 pg\/mL), accompanied by elevated BCS and CNS scores, whereas adiponectin levels tended to decrease with increasing carbohydrate content. These findings demonstrate that naturally occurring variation in forage quality can significantly influence metabolic regulation in horses managed under low-input, traditional systems. Integrating forage nutrient evaluation with clinical and endocrine assessments provides a practical framework for identifying animals at risk of metabolic dysfunction and guiding nutritional strategies to mitigate the incidence of laminitis and related disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15111721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T17:51:43Z","timestamp":1762451503000},"page":"1721","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Forage Carbohydrate Profiles and Endocrine Morphometric Interactions in Traditionally Managed Horses from Romania"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7214-2660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zsofia","family":"Daradics","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (UASVM) Cluj-Napoca, M\u0103n\u0103\u015ftur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6059-0228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (UASVM) Cluj-Napoca, M\u0103n\u0103\u015ftur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cornel","family":"C\u0103toi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (UASVM) Cluj-Napoca, M\u0103n\u0103\u015ftur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0726-563X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mircea Valerian","family":"Mircean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (UASVM) Cluj-Napoca, M\u0103n\u0103\u015ftur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Macri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (UASVM) Cluj-Napoca, M\u0103n\u0103\u015ftur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3771-9003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oana","family":"M\u00eerza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bromatology, Hygiene, Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Szakacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (UASVM) Cluj-Napoca, M\u0103n\u0103\u015ftur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7566-2277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sorana","family":"Daina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (UASVM) Cluj-Napoca, M\u0103n\u0103\u015ftur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florinela","family":"Fetea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (UASVM) Cluj-Napoca, M\u0103n\u0103\u015ftur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9230-7725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirela Alexandra","family":"Tripon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Veterinary Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (UASVM) Cluj-Napoca, M\u0103n\u0103\u015ftur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandru Florin","family":"Lup\u0219an","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Surgery, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (UASVM) Cluj-Napoca, M\u0103n\u0103\u015ftur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denisa","family":"Bung\u0103rdean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (UASVM) Cluj-Napoca, M\u0103n\u0103\u015ftur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2288-3783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anamaria","family":"C\u0103lug\u0103r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viticulture and Oenology Department, Advanced Horticultural Research Institute of Transylvania, Faculty of Horticulture and Business in Rural Development, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (UASVM) Cluj-Napoca, M\u0103n\u0103\u015ftur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1667-6382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florin Dumitru","family":"Bora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viticulture and Oenology Department, Advanced Horticultural Research Institute of Transylvania, Faculty of Horticulture and Business in Rural Development, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (UASVM) Cluj-Napoca, M\u0103n\u0103\u015ftur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Laboratory of Chromatography, Advanced Horticultural Research Institute of Transylvania, Faculty of Horticulture and Business for Rural Development, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (UASVM) Cluj-Napoca, M\u0103n\u0103\u015ftur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristian Mih\u0103i\u021b\u0103","family":"Crecan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Surgery, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (UASVM) Cluj-Napoca, M\u0103n\u0103\u015ftur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2017.11.011","article-title":"Paradigm Shifts in Understanding Equine Laminitis","volume":"231","author":"Karikoski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2009.12.004","article-title":"A Historical Perspective of Laminitis","volume":"26","author":"Heymering","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2020.102930","article-title":"Investigation of the Effects of a Dietary Supplement on Insulin and Adipokine Concentrations in Equine Metabolic Syndrome\/Insulin Dysregulation","volume":"88","author":"Manfredi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985814549212","article-title":"Pathology of Natural Cases of Equine Endocrinopathic Laminitis Associated with Hyperinsulinemia","volume":"52","author":"Karikoski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2010.01.004","article-title":"The Lamellar Wedge","volume":"26","author":"Collins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ctep.2004.07.003","article-title":"Equine Laminitis","volume":"3","author":"Pollitt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Tech. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2020.106448","article-title":"Effects of Equine Metabolic Syndrome on Inflammation and Acute-Phase Markers in Horses","volume":"72","author":"Zak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11413","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-14931","article-title":"Effects of Overconditioning on Pancreatic Insulin Secretory Capacity, Fat Infiltration, and the Number and Size of Islets in Dairy Cows at the End of the Dry Period","volume":"101","author":"Bogaert","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, K., Li, R., Xu, Z., and Zhang, Q. (2020). Identification of Crucial Genetic Factors, Such as PPAR\u03b3, That Regulate the Pathogenesis of Fatty Liver Disease in Dairy Cows Is Imperative for the Sustainable Development of Dairy Industry. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10040639"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.70.10.1250","article-title":"Effects of Diet-Induced Weight Gain on Insulin Sensitivity and Plasma Hormone and Lipid Concentrations in Horses","volume":"70","author":"Carter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2010.12.004","article-title":"Equine Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Frank","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selim, S., Elo, K., Jaakkola, S., Karikoski, N., Boston, R., Reilas, T., S\u00e4rkij\u00e4rvi, S., Saastamoinen, M., and Kokkonen, T. (2015). Relationships among Body Condition, Insulin Resistance and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Gene Expression during the Grazing Season in Mares. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125968"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12194","article-title":"Current Status and Future Directions: Equine Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction and Equine Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"46","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(99)00048-2","article-title":"Insulin Resistance: The Link between Metabolic Disorders and Cystic Ovarian Disease in High Yielding Dairy Cows?","volume":"56","author":"Opsomer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2020.101620","article-title":"Metabogenomics Reveals Four Candidate Regions Involved in the Pathophysiology of Equine Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"53","author":"Mallicote","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Probes"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15419","article-title":"Phenotypic, Hormonal, and Clinical Characteristics of Equine Endocrinopathic Laminitis","volume":"33","author":"Sillence","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2010.01.001","article-title":"Overview of Current Laminitis Research","volume":"26","author":"Eades","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2019.105341","article-title":"A High Protein Meal Affects Plasma Insulin Concentrations and Amino Acid Metabolism in Horses with Equine Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"251","author":"Loos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2017.10.008","article-title":"The Oral Glucose Test Predicts Laminitis Risk in Ponies Fed a Diet High in Nonstructural Carbohydrates","volume":"63","author":"Meier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.2527\/2005.83102357x","article-title":"Insulin Resistance and Compensation in Thoroughbred Weanlings Adapted to High-Glycemic Meals","volume":"83","author":"Treiber","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2011.03.004","article-title":"Seasonal and Diurnal Variation in Simple Sugar and Fructan Composition of Orchardgrass Pasture and Hay in the Piedmont Region of the United States","volume":"31","author":"Kagan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2016.05.010","article-title":"Comparison of the Fecal Microbiota in Horses with Equine Metabolic Syndrome and Metabolically Normal Controls Fed a Similar All-Forage Diet","volume":"44","author":"Elzinga","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.250.9.1027","article-title":"Cardiovascular Findings in Ponies with Equine Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"250","author":"Heliczer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4745","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-12012","article-title":"A Prospective Cohort Study of Digital Cushion and Corium Thickness. Part 1: Associations with Body Condition, Lesion Incidence, and Proximity to Calving","volume":"100","author":"Newsome","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.7.2099S","article-title":"Pasture Nonstructural Carbohydrates and Equine Laminitis","volume":"136","author":"Longland","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2015.03.004","article-title":"Equine Metabolic Syndrome: A Complex Disease Influenced by Genetics and the Environment","volume":"35","author":"McCue","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731117003251","article-title":"Ultrasonographic Measurements of Localized Fat Accumulation in Shetland Pony Mares Fed a Normal v. a High Energy Diet for 2 Years","volume":"12","author":"Siegers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stefaniuk-Szmukier, M., Pi\u00f3rkowska, K., and Ropka-Molik, K. (2023). Equine Metabolic Syndrome: A Complex Disease Influenced by Multifactorial Genetic Factors. Genes, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14081544"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2025, July 01). View of Influence of Sustainable Fertilization on Yield and Quality Food of Mountain Grassland. Available online: https:\/\/www.notulaebotanicae.ro\/index.php\/nbha\/article\/view\/10660\/8112."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bora, F.D., Babe\u0219, A.C., C\u0103lug\u0103r, A., Jitea, M.I., Hoble, A., Filimon, R.V., Bunea, A., Nicolescu, A., and Bunea, C.I. (2023). Unravelling Heavy Metal Dynamics in Soil and Honey: A Case Study from Maramure\u0219 Region, Romania. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12193577"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delarocque, J., Reiche, D.B., Meier, A.D., Warnken, T., Feige, K., and Sillence, M.N. (2021). Metabolic Profile Distinguishes Laminitis-Susceptible and -Resistant Ponies before and after Feeding a High Sugar Diet. BMC Vet. Res., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02763-7"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bora, F.D., Bunea, A., Pop, S.R., Bani\u021b\u0103, S.I., Du\u015fa, D.\u015e., Chira, A., and Bunea, C.I. (2022). Quantification and Reduction in Heavy Metal Residues in Some Fruits and Vegetables: A Case Study Gala\u021bi County, Romania. Horticulturae, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae8111034"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buta, E., Bor\u0219an, I.L., Omot\u0103, M., Trif, E.B., Bunea, C.I., Mocan, A., Bora, F.D., R\u00f3zsa, S., and Nicolescu, A. (2023). Comparative Phytoremediation Potential of Eichhornia Crassipes, Lemna Minor, and Pistia Stratiotes in Two Treatment Facilities in Cluj County, Romania. Horticulturae, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae9040503"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faur, C.A., Z\u0103han, M., Bunea, C.I., H\u00e2r\u0219an, E., Bora, F.D., and Bunea, A. (2024). Antiproliferative and Biochemical Evaluation of Rose Extracts: Impact on Tumor and Normal Skin Cells. Front. Plant Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2024.1477243"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filimon, R.V., Bunea, C.I., Nechita, A., Bora, F.D., Dunca, S.I., Mocan, A., and Filimon, R.M. (2022). New Malolactic Bacteria Strains Isolated from Wine Microbiota: Characterization and Technological Properties. Fermentation, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation8010031"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vlad, I.A., Bartha, S., Goji, G., T\u0103ut, I., Rebrean, F.A., Burescu, L.I.N., P\u0103\u0219cu\u021b, C.G., Mo\u021biu, P.T., Tunduc, A., and Bunea, C.I. (2025). Comprehensive Assessment of Potentially Toxic Element (PTE) Contamination in Honey from a Historically Polluted Agro-Industrial Landscape: Implications for Agricultural Sustainability and Food Safety. Agriculture, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture15111176"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2020.102943","article-title":"Factors Influencing Equine Gut Microbiota: Current Knowledge","volume":"88","author":"Garber","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2007.04.002","article-title":"Glycemic Index of Ten Common Horse Feeds","volume":"27","author":"Rodiek","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2020.106439","article-title":"Preliminary Analysis of the FAM174A Gene Suggests It Lacks a Strong Association with Equine Metabolic Syndrome in Ponies","volume":"72","author":"Cash","year":"2020","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"K2","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-57-S1-K2","article-title":"Equine Obesity: Beyond the Equine Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"57","author":"Argo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosissup.2021.01.008","article-title":"Prevalence and Relationship between Metabolic Syndrome and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: Evidence from Two Population-Based Studies","volume":"42","author":"Alieva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atheroscler. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korac, B., Kalezic, A., Pekovic-Vaughan, V., Korac, A., and Jankovic, A. (2021). Redox Changes in Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Diabetes. Redox Biol., 42.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.101887"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-016-0243-2","article-title":"Relationships between Body Condition Score and Ultrasound Skin-Associated Subcutaneous Fat Depth in Equids","volume":"58","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4321","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.7779","article-title":"Metabolic Profiles of Cow\u2019s Blood; a Review","volume":"96","author":"Puppel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13097","article-title":"Adipose Tissue Dysfunction in Obese Horses with Equine Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"51","author":"Reynolds","year":"2019","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ctep.2004.07.009","article-title":"Forage and Pasture Management for Laminitic Horses","volume":"3","author":"Watts","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Tech. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2008.02.029","article-title":"Apparent Adiposity Assessed by Standardised Scoring Systems and Morphometric Measurements in Horses and Ponies","volume":"179","author":"Carter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1634","article-title":"Performance and Metabolic and Endocrine Changes with Emphasis on Glucose Metabolism in High-Yielding Dairy Cows with High and Low Fat Content in Liver after Calving","volume":"92","author":"Hammon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3447","article-title":"Differential Expression of Genes in Adipose Tissue of First-Lactation Dairy Cattle","volume":"94","author":"Vierck","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731118001568","article-title":"Grass Silage Particle Size When Fed with or without Maize Silage Alters Performance, Reticular PH and Metabolism of Holstein-Friesian Dairy Cows","volume":"13","author":"Tayyab","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.8.1230","article-title":"Evaluation of high-molecular weight adiponectin in horses","volume":"73","author":"Wooldridge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.4081\/ijas.2010.e66","article-title":"Hydrolyzable and Fermentable Carbohydrates in North Italian Pastures for Horses","volume":"9","author":"Superchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2024.106063","article-title":"Genome-Wide Association Study Suggests Genetic Candidate Loci of Insulin Dysregulation in Finnhorses","volume":"303","author":"Weckman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12703","article-title":"The Diagnosis of Equine Insulin Dysregulation","volume":"49","author":"Bertin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2010.04.003","article-title":"Hyperinsulinemic Laminitis","volume":"26","author":"McGowan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"16","article-title":"Management of Equine Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"2019","author":"Bowen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Veterinary"}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/15\/11\/1721\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T11:19:23Z","timestamp":1762514363000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/15\/11\/1721"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["life15111721"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life15111721","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]}}}