{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T19:25:55Z","timestamp":1788290755995,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacteremia is a life-threatening condition contributing significantly to sepsis-related mortality worldwide. With delayed appropriate antibiotic therapy, mortality increases by 20% regardless of antimicrobial resistance. This study evaluated the perceived clinical utility of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSSs) (OneChoice and OneChoice Fusion) among specialist physicians managing bacteremia cases. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 65 unique specialist physicians from multiple medical specialties who were presented with clinical vignettes describing patients with bacteremia and 90 corresponding AI-CDSS recommendations. Participants assessed the perceived helpfulness of AI decision-making, the impact of AI recommendations on their own clinical judgment, and the concordance between AI recommendations and their own clinical judgment, as well as the validity of changing therapy based on CDSS recommendations. The study encompassed a diverse range of bacterial pathogens, with Escherichia coli representing 38.7% of the isolates and 30% being extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL) producers. Findings show that 97.8% [(95% CI: 92.2\u201399.7%)] of physicians reported that AI facilitated decision-making and substantial concordance (87.8% [95% CI: 79.2\u201393.7%; Cohen\u2019s \u03ba = 0.76]) between AI recommendations and physicians\u2019 therapeutic recommendations. Stratification by pathogen revealed the highest concordance for Escherichia coli bacteremia (96.6%, 28\/29 cases). Implementation analysis revealed a meaningful clinical impact, with 68.9% [(95% CI: 58.3\u201378.2%)] of cases resulting in AI-guided treatment modifications. These findings indicate that AI-powered CDSSs effectively bridge critical gaps in infectious disease expertise and antimicrobial stewardship, providing clinicians with evidence-based therapeutic recommendations that can be integrated into routine practice to optimize antibiotic selection, particularly in settings with limited access to infectious disease specialists. For optimal clinical integration, we recommend that clinicians utilize AI-CDSS recommendations as an adjunct to clinical judgment rather than a replacement, particularly in complex cases involving immunocompromised hosts or polymicrobial infections. Future research should prioritize prospective clinical trials that evaluate direct patient outcomes to establish evidence of broader clinical effectiveness and applicability across diverse healthcare settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15111756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T14:04:07Z","timestamp":1763388247000},"page":"1756","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Guiding Antibiotic Therapy with Machine Learning: Real-World Applications of a CDSS in Bacteremia Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4566-2027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos G\u00f3mez de la","family":"G\u00f3mez de la Torre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory Roe, Lima 15076, Peru"},{"name":"Arkstone Medical Solutions, Boca Raton, FL 33428, USA"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Ricardo Palma University, Lima 15039, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3194-8614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ari","family":"Frenkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arkstone Medical Solutions, Boca Raton, FL 33428, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9584-039X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Chavez-Lencinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima 15073, Peru"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15072, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Rendon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arkstone Medical Solutions, Boca Raton, FL 33428, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshie","family":"Higuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory Roe, Lima 15076, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1811-4682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose M.","family":"Vela-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Ricardo Palma University, Lima 15039, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5079-989X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob","family":"Calpey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, FAU Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7816-0931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Beaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, FAU Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8054-5670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isaac","family":"Elijah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, FAU Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inbal","family":"Shachar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, FAU Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Everett","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, FAU Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Valencia Osorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, FAU Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason James","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, FAU Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle","family":"Grogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science & Mathematics, University of North Georgia, Oakwood, GA 30566, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Siegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Allman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arkstone Medical Solutions, Boca Raton, FL 33428, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8049-7787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Hueda-Zavaleta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagn\u00f3stico, Tratamiento e Investigaci\u00f3n de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Universidad Privada de Tacna, Tacna 23003, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32989-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990\u20132017: Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"395","author":"Rudd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.10.031","article-title":"Burden of bacterial bloodstream infection: A brief update on epidemiology and significance of multidrug-resistant pathogens","volume":"26","author":"Kern","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. 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Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.09.009","article-title":"Machine learning for clinical decision support in infectious diseases: A narrative review of current applications","volume":"26","author":"Rawson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Kuwaiti, A., Nazer, K., Al-Reedy, A., Al-Shehri, S., Al-Muhanna, A., Subbarayalu, A.V., Al Muhanna, D., and Al-Muhanna, F.A. (2023). A Review of the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare. J. Pers. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13060951"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frenkel, A., Rendon, A., Chavez-Lencinas, C., Gomez De la Torre, J.C., MacDermott, J., Gross, C., Allman, S., Lundblad, S., Zavala, I., and Gross, D. (2025). Internal Validation of a Machine Learning-Based CDSS for Antimicrobial Stewardship. 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