{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T15:11:58Z","timestamp":1783091518177,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2019PT005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019PT005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023RHJS003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023RHJS003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2025KYPT04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025KYPT04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The back kick is a key scoring technique in taekwondo, often exhibiting bilateral asymmetry in lower limb function. Understanding these differences is crucial for optimizing training and minimizing injury risk. Methods: This study recruited twelve elite taekwondo athletes to perform back kicks using both their dominant and non-dominant legs under standardized conditions. Kinematic, kinetic, and surface electromyographic data were synchronously collected using a 3D motion capture system, force plate, and sEMG sensors. Paired t-tests and effect sizes assessed bilateral differences. Results: During the leg-lifting phase (P1), attacking leg peak hip power was significantly greater on the non-dominant side (p &lt; 0.01); knee flexion angle was greater on the dominant side (p &lt; 0.01), yet peak knee power was higher on the non-dominant side (p &lt; 0.01). Support leg knee flexion angle was greater on the dominant side (p &lt; 0.01), while knee flexion torque was higher on the non-dominant side (p &lt; 0.05); ankle extension moment (p &lt; 0.05) and plantar flexion power (p &lt; 0.01) favored the dominant side. In the kicking phase (P2), dominant knee power was significantly higher (p &lt; 0.01). The biceps femoris on the non-dominant side showed significantly higher iEMG and RMS values (p &lt; 0.05), and dominant striking speed was faster (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: These findings confirm marked functional asymmetry, suggesting training should emphasize non-dominant leg development to improve performance and reduce injury risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15121822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T08:26:57Z","timestamp":1764318417000},"page":"1822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Biomechanical Differences in Bilateral Lower Limb Movement During the Back Kick Technique of Outstanding Taekwondo Athletes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4998-1395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qinjian","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongwei","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Sport Training of General Administration of Sport of China, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junli","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Sports and Health, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.15314\/tjse.94871","article-title":"Relationship between anthropometric, physiological and physical characteristics with success of female taekwondo athletes","volume":"18","year":"2016","journal-title":"Turk. 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