{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T23:54:08Z","timestamp":1789430048735,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Doctoral School of the \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency is increasingly recognized as a systemic factor influencing retinal health through inflammatory, neuroprotective, and vasculotropic pathways. Evidence regarding early retinal alterations in otherwise healthy adults remains limited. This cross-sectional study evaluated 120 eyes from 60 healthy adults stratified by serum 25(OH)D levels into &lt;30 ng\/mL (n = 60) and \u226530 ng\/mL (n = 60). All subjects underwent optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography (OCTA), visual field testing, and contrast sensitivity assessment. Central macular thickness (CMT), ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness, and perfusion density in the superficial and deep capillary plexuses (SCP, DCP) were compared between groups. Vitamin-D-insufficient eyes showed significantly reduced CMT (267.66 \u00b1 13.31 \u00b5m vs. 274.69 \u00b1 14.96 \u00b5m; p = 0.035). GCC thinning was significant only in the inner inferior nasal sector (70.7 \u00b1 13.14 \u00b5m vs. 76.45 \u00b1 12.12 \u00b5m; p = 0.030), whereas other GCC sectors were comparable between groups. Perfusion density was lower in the DCP across whole, inner, and outer regions (all p &lt; 0.001) and in the SCP inner (p = 0.027) and outer (p = 0.009) regions, while whole SCP did not differ (p = 0.065). FAZ area was numerically larger in vitamin-D-insufficient eyes but was not statistically different (p = 0.168). Functionally, retinal sensitivity decline was greater in vitamin-D-insufficient eyes (\u22122.89 \u00b1 1.29 dB vs. \u22122.16 \u00b1 1.04 dB; p = 0.003), and mean central sensitivity was lower (p = 0.010), whereas contrast sensitivity did not differ between groups. Serum vitamin D levels &lt; 30 ng\/mL are associated with early, subclinical, structural and microvascular retinal alterations in healthy adults, supporting a potential role of hypovitaminosis D as a modifier of retinal integrity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16010085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T09:40:29Z","timestamp":1767692429000},"page":"85","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association Among Serum Vitamin D Levels, Visual Field Alterations, and Optical Coherence Tomography Parameters: A Clinical Correlation Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Tudor-Corneliu","family":"Tara\u0219i","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela-Madalina","family":"Timofte-Zorila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Cai Ferate Clinical Hospital, 700506 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0956-4925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Lixi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Universit\u00e0 40, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3492-014X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Troisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Salerno University Hospital, Via San Leonardo, 84131 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2617-0289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Giannaccare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Universit\u00e0 40, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lumini\u021ba","family":"Apostu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Spiridon Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ecaterina","family":"Anisie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Spiridon Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7867-3342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Livio","family":"Vitiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Unit, Luigi Curto Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Salerno, 84035 Polla, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5147-9596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel-Constantin","family":"Br\u0103ni\u0219teanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Cai Ferate Clinical Hospital, 700506 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, A., Zhang, T., Xiao, P., Fan, Z., Wang, H., and Zhuang, Y. (2023). Global and Regional Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Population-Based Studies: A Pooled Analysis of 7.9 Million Participants. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1070808"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, H.-N., Zhang, X.-J., Ling, X.-T., Bui, C.H.-T., Wang, Y.-M., Ip, P., Chu, W.-K., Chen, L.-J., Tham, C.C., and Yam, J.C. (2022). Vitamin D and Ocular Diseases: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. 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