{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T09:31:52Z","timestamp":1768037512245,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Acute radiation injury to the small-intestinal mucosa and the hematopoietic system is a key determinant of early mortality after high-dose total-body irradiation. \u03b5-Aminocaproic acid (EACA), a lysine analogue with antifibrinolytic properties, has been proposed as a potential radioprotective agent, but its effects on intestinal and hematologic injury remain insufficiently characterized. Methods. In this experimental study, 240 male Wistar rats were subjected to single-dose total-body \u03b3-irradiation at 10.6 Gy and randomized into six groups: two non-irradiated controls (CG-1, CG-2), an irradiated control without treatment (CG-3), and three experimental groups receiving EACA (EG-1: 3 h before irradiation; EG-2: 3 h after irradiation; EG-3: both 3 h before and 3 h after irradiation). Pain behavior was assessed using the Rat Grimace Scale. Intestinal damage was evaluated by a modified Radiation Injury Intestinal Mucosal Damage Score (RIIMS_sum), villus and crypt morphometry, and qualitative histology of the ileum. Hemoglobin, leukocytes, and platelets were measured serially, and 30-day survival was analyzed using Kaplan\u2013Meier curves with log-rank tests. Results. Across all EACA regimens, the odds of being in a higher Rat Grimace Scale pain category were reduced compared with CG-3, with the strongest effect in EG-3 (OR 0.42; 95% CI 0.31\u20130.58). At 72 h after irradiation, the cumulative RIIMS score was lower in EACA-treated groups by approximately 17\u201336% versus CG-3, with the lowest injury in EG-3 (18.5 vs. 29.0 points). EACA attenuated shortening and blunting of villi, preserved crypt architecture, and mitigated anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Thirty-day survival was 20% in CG-3 and 60%, 65%, and 80% in EG-1, EG-2, and EG-3, respectively (all p &lt; 0.05 vs. CG-3). Conclusions. \u03b5-Aminocaproic acid exerts a pronounced, timing-dependent radioprotective effect in a rat model of acute total-body \u03b3-irradiation, concurrently reducing the severity of radiation enteritis, hematologic toxicity, and early mortality. These findings support further investigation of EACA as a candidate adjunct in the prevention of acute radiation injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16010096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T15:33:16Z","timestamp":1767886396000},"page":"96","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Radioprotective Effect of \u03b5-Aminocaproic Acid in Acute Total-Body Gamma Irradiation in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Timur","family":"Fazylov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timur","family":"Saliev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Danko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics, Almaty 050032, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhomart","family":"Beksultanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics, Almaty 050032, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shynar","family":"Tanabayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ildar","family":"Fakhradiyev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anel","family":"Ibrayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marat","family":"Shoranov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-023-03538-6","article-title":"Radiation dose to staff from medical X-ray scatter in the orthopaedic theatre","volume":"33","author":"Dorman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthop. Surg. 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