{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T16:22:47Z","timestamp":1768321367191,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) asciminib, bosutinib, dasatinib, imatinib, nilotinib, and ponatinib have been approved for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) therapy. However, pharmacovigilance reports associated with these drugs are neither consistent nor homogenous, with reports of pulmonary toxicity, which could limit their utilization. To better clarify TKIs\u2019 pulmonary risk, we used the European database EudraVigilance to conduct a study on adverse events suspected to be caused by the TKIs asciminib, bosutinib, dasatinib, imatinib, nilotinib, and ponatinib when used for CML therapy. Methods: Suspected adverse reactions to TKIs in the EudraVigilance database (2020\u20132024) coming from European countries and the United Kingdom were analyzed and compared through a disproportionality analysis. Results: The most frequent alerts concerned the respiratory disorders \u201cpleural effusion\u201d (PE) and \u201cpulmonary arterial hypertension\u201d (PAH) in relation to dasatinib and bosutinib use. Among the TKIs, the prescription of dasatinib is associated with a higher occurrence of PE and PAH, while the prescription of bosutinib induces PE at a minor frequency that nonetheless carries a significant risk for PAH, occurring more often in women. Conclusions: The results indicate that respiratory disorders induced by the TKIs dasatinib and bosutinib need to be diagnosed in a timely manner, and suggest that caution should be taken when prescribing these TKIs to patients affected by CML and pulmonary comorbidities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16010113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T10:13:51Z","timestamp":1768299231000},"page":"113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adverse Respiratory Reactions to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: A Disproportionality Analysis of Spontaneous Reports from European Countries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4075-8065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Ammendolia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Mannucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical,  Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2663-6387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuela","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8116-4821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gioacchino","family":"Calapai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariaconcetta","family":"Curr\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Midiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Mondello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical,  Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonino","family":"Cancellieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Childhood \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7286-5674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Cardia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Childhood \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Calapai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical,  Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s40880-016-0108-0","article-title":"The Philadelphia chromosome in leukemogenesis","volume":"35","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. 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