{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T20:17:47Z","timestamp":1768421867843,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Each year, around 23 million miscarriages occur worldwide, which have a substantial emotional impact on parents, and impose significant societal costs. While medical care accounts for most expenses, work productivity loss contributes significantly. Addressing underlying causes of miscarriage could improve parents\u2019 mental health and potentially their economic impact. In most countries, investigations into miscarriage causes are only recommended after recurrent cases, focusing mainly on maternal factors. Fetal and placental tissue are rarely examined, as current guidelines do not advise routine genetic analyses of pregnancy tissue, because the impact of further clinical decision making and individual prognosis is unclear. However, this leaves over 90% of all miscarriage cases unexplained and highlights the need for alternative methods. We therefore conducted a narrative review on genetic analysis, autopsy, and imaging of products of conception (POC). Karyotyping, QF-PCR, SNP array, and aCGH were reviewed in different research settings, with QF-PCR being the most cost-effective, while obtaining the highest technical success rate. Karyotyping, historically being considered the gold standard for POC examination, was the least promising. Post-mortem imaging techniques including post-mortem ultrasound (PMUS), ultra-high-field magnetic resonance imaging (UHF-MRI), and microfocus computed tomography (micro-CT) show promising diagnostic capabilities in miscarriages, with micro-CT achieving the highest cost-effective performance. In conclusion, current guidelines do not recommend diagnostic testing for most cases, leaving the majority unexplained. Although genetic and imaging techniques show promising diagnostic potential, they should not yet be implemented in routine clinical care and require thorough evaluation within research settings\u2014assessing not only diagnostic and psychosocial outcomes but also economic implications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16010128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T11:01:14Z","timestamp":1768388474000},"page":"128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Miscarriage Tissue Research: Still in Its Infancy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Rosa E.","family":"Lagerwerf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Kox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZG Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melek","family":"Rousian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Erasmus MC\u2014Sophia Children\u2019s Hospital, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0758-4064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernadette S.","family":"De Bakker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Paediatric Surgery, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Erasmus MC\u2014Sophia Children\u2019s Hospital, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1218-3540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yousif","family":"Dawood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00682-6","article-title":"Miscarriage matters: The epidemiological, physical, psychological, and economic costs of early pregnancy loss","volume":"397","author":"Quenby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Nederlands Huisartsen Genootschap (2024, September 09). 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