{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T21:05:29Z","timestamp":1792530329473,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["223S356"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["223S356"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain tumor characterized by invasive growth, intrinsic drug resistance, and the presence of the blood\u2013brain barrier. All of these features make treatment extremely challenging and underscore the need for developing effective combination strategies and advanced drug delivery systems. This study aimed to develop a bovine serum albumin (BSA) nanoparticle (NP)-based delivery system to overcome the poor bioavailability and pharmacokinetic limitations of two potent anti-tumor agents, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and curcumin (CURC), and to evaluate their antitumor activity in U87-MG GBM cells. Drug-free and ATRA\/CURC-loaded BSA-NPs were synthesized using an optimized desolvation method and characterized in terms of particle size, polydispersity index, morphology, drug encapsulation efficiency, and release behavior. The cytotoxic, anti-migratory, and pro-apoptotic effects of the NPs on U87-MG GBM cells were assessed using real-time proliferation and migration assays and Annexin V\/PI staining followed by flow cytometry. Collectively, the findings indicated that the co-delivery of ATRA and CURC using BSA-NPs showed enhanced antiproliferative, antimigratory, and pro-apoptotic effects. With its controlled release profile, high loading capacity, and favorable nanoscale dimensions, the ATRA-CURC-BSA\u2013NP system represents a promising nanoplatform for GBM therapy that warrants further in vivo investigation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the inhibition of glioblastoma cell growth through the co-delivery of all-trans retinoic acid and curcumin using a bovine serum albumin-based nanoparticle system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16010131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T08:26:36Z","timestamp":1768465596000},"page":"131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Antitumor Activity of All-Trans Retinoic Acid and Curcumin-Loaded BSA Nanoparticles Against U87 Glioblastoma Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7816-3615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ceyda","family":"Sonmez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul 34752, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0275-3634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleyna","family":"Baltacioglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul 34752, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8523-6738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julide","family":"Coskun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acibadem Labmed Clinical Laboratories, Istanbul 34752, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5621-5818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gulen Melike","family":"Demirbolat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul 34752, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5960-2397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozgul","family":"Gok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul 34752, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7399-4929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aysel","family":"Ozpinar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul 34752, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul 34752, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13077","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.13077","article-title":"The WHO Classification of Tumors of the central Nervous System-Finally Here, and Welcome!","volume":"32","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, G., Wu, H., Yang, K., Hu, K., Zhou, Y., Chen, X., and Wu, X. 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