{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T20:54:29Z","timestamp":1791838469570,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The origin of life embodies two fundamental questions: how and when did life begin? It is commonly conjectured that life began on Earth around 4 billion years ago. This requires that the complex organization of RNA, DNA, triplet codon, protein, and lipid membrane (RDTPM) architecture was easy to establish between the time the Earth cooled enough for liquid water and the time when early microorganisms appeared. These bracketing events create a narrow window of time to construct a completely operational self-replicating organic system of very high complexity. Another conjecture is that life did not begin on Earth but was seeded from life-bearing space objects (e.g., asteroids, comets, space dust), commonly referred to as panspermia. The second conjecture implies that life formed somewhere else and was part of the solar nebula, originating from an earlier generation star where there was more time available for the development of life. In this paper, the goal is to provide a hypothetical perspective related to the timing for the origin of pre-biotic chemistry and life itself. Using a form of complexity growth, biological features spanning from the present day back to early life on Earth were examined for trends across time. Genome sizes, gene number, protein\u2013protein binding sites, energy for cell construction, mass of individual cells, the rate of cell mass growth, and a molecular complexity measure all yield highly significant regressions of linearly increasing complexity when plotted over the last 4 Gyr (billion years). When extrapolated back in time, intersections with simple complexities associated with each variable yield a mean value of 8.6 Gyr before the present time. This era coincides with the peak of star and planet formation in the universe. This speculative analysis is consistent with the second conjecture for the origin of life. The major assumptions of such an analysis are presented and discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16010153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T08:23:56Z","timestamp":1768811036000},"page":"153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Can the Timing of the Origin of Life Be Inferred from Trends in the Growth of Organismal Complexity?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4339-6028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A.","family":"Juckett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48842, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s11084-015-9439-0","article-title":"Information-Theoretic Considerations Concerning the Origin of Life","volume":"45","author":"Adami","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orig. 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