{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T16:29:28Z","timestamp":1770222568593,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020027","name":"Dr. Rolf M Schwiete Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["08\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["08\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>PAX6 haploinsufficiency-related congenital aniridia is frequently associated with ocular surface disease, including meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), dry eye, limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD), aniridia-associated keratopathy (AAK), and inflammation. This study measured ocular surface temperature (OST) at the corneal center and four paracentral points (2 mm from center) in patients with congenital aniridia and examined factors influencing OST. Forty-five eyes from 26 aniridia patients (55.6% female; 26.29 \u00b1 17.78 years) with PAX6 pathogenic variants and 47 eyes from 25 controls (68.1% female; 24.81 \u00b1 4.73 years; p = 0.1639) were included. Body temperature, OSDI, and OST (TG-1000) were recorded; clinical assessment evaluated MGD, LSCD, AAK, iris malformation, epithelial defects, Salzmann nodules, glaucoma and previous ocular surgery. Body temperature and OSDI did not differ in aniridia and controls (p \u2265 0.606). LSCD was mainly Grade 2 (46.7%) or Grade 4 (40.0%), and AAK Grade 1 (33.3%) or Grade 2 (31.1%). MGD affected 51.1%, Salzmann nodules 22.2%, epithelial defects 2.2%, glaucoma 60.0%, and previous ocular surgery 35.5%. Superior OST was higher in aniridia (34.98 \u00b1 0.55 \u00b0C vs. 34.75 \u00b1 0.47 \u00b0C; p = 0.012). Exploratory univariate analyses identified that higher AAK grade correlated with lower inferior OST (p = 0.030), iris malformation with reduced central\/paracentral OST (p \u2264 0.029), and Salzmann nodules with lower OST overall (p \u2264 0.011). However, in a multivariate model, age, Salzmann nodular degeneration, and prior ocular surgery emerged as key determinants of OST. OST may serve as a noninvasive biomarker in congenital aniridia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16020238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T12:00:47Z","timestamp":1770033647000},"page":"238","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Altered Ocular Surface Temperature in Congenital Aniridia with PAX6 Pathogenic Variants: Impact of Age, Salzmann Nodules and Ocular Surgery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5503-0595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orsolya","family":"N\u00e9meth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Markusovszky University Teaching Hospital, 9700 Szombathely, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4061-6217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annam\u00e1ria","family":"N\u00e1ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Congenital Aniridia Research, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1542-6592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1ria","family":"Csidey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Heim P\u00e1l National Pediatric Institute, 1089 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klaudia","family":"K\u00e9ki-Kov\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krisztina","family":"Kn\u00e9zy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1ria","family":"Bausz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Szigeti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Csorba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1229-0570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kitti","family":"Korm\u00e1nyos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ditta","family":"Zobor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zolt\u00e1n Zsolt","family":"Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Cort\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Genomics, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria-Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz University Hospital, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28015 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7834-8854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eszter","family":"J\u00e1vorszky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MTA-SE Lend\u00fclet Nephrogenetic Laboratory, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0316-6212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K\u00e1lm\u00e1n","family":"Tory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MTA-SE Lend\u00fclet Nephrogenetic Laboratory, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3631-3506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika","family":"Maka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timo","family":"Eppig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Ophthalmology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Achim","family":"Langenbucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Ophthalmology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N\u00f3ra","family":"Szentm\u00e1ry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Congenital Aniridia Research, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany"},{"name":"Experimental Ophthalmology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6593","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5659","article-title":"The relationship between body and ambient temperature and corneal temperature","volume":"51","author":"Kessel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. 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