{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:34:12Z","timestamp":1787319252501,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Motor as well as attentional skills are deficient in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The aim of the present study was to explore whether a short immersive rehabilitation therapy could improve motor and visuo-attentional capabilities in children with ADHD. Methods: Forty children with ADHD participated in this study; IQ-, sex- and age-matched children were splitted in two groups (G1 and G2) of twenty. An unpredictable random sequence was used to allocate a child to group G1 (trained group) or G2 (control group). Oculomotor and postural performance for both groups of children were objectively assessed twice (before and after 16 min) by using an eye tracker and platform. Group G1 only underwent 16 min of immersive rehabilitation therapy, while the control group (G2) had 16 min of resting. The immersive therapy consisted of performing physical movement while training visual discrimination, attention and spatial orientation skills. Results: After 16 min, significant improvements in the fixation area (p = 0.008) and in the number of catch-up saccades during pursuit eye movements (p &lt; 0.001), as well as a smaller postural instability index (PII) (p &lt; 0.001), were observed for the trained group (G1) only. Conclusions: These findings suggest that children with ADHD could benefit from a short immersive therapy to improve both visual\u2013attention and motor performances. This new immersive therapy is a useful tool allowing a better integration of both visual and motor sensory inputs via the cortico\/cerebellar network. Follow-up studies on a larger number of children with ADHD will be necessary to explore the eventual possible persistence of such a training effect and imaging works will help to understand where such adaptive mechanisms take place.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16020257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T15:38:12Z","timestamp":1770046692000},"page":"257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Immersive Rehabilitation Therapy (MoveR) Improves Postural and Visuo-Attentional Skills in Children with ADHD: A Clinical Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8790-6520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Caldani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR UMR 5191, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Lyon 2, 69001 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Equipe InDev, NeuroDiderot, Robert Debr\u00e9 Hospital, Boulevard S\u00e9rurier, 75019 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6277-5616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Moscoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR UMR 5191, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Lyon 2, 69001 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debr\u00e9 Hospital, APHP & Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, 75019 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debr\u00e9 Hospital, APHP & Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, 75019 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Acquaviva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debr\u00e9 Hospital, APHP & Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, 75019 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4257-4541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Gibert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Departement, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florent","family":"Roger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paramedical Center Louis Guillet, 17000 La Rochelle, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Delorme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debr\u00e9 Hospital, APHP & Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, 75019 Paris, France"},{"name":"Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6673-2026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria-Pia","family":"Bucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR UMR 5191, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Lyon 2, 69001 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Equipe InDev, NeuroDiderot, Robert Debr\u00e9 Hospital, Boulevard S\u00e9rurier, 75019 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e36","article-title":"The global prevalence of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"66","author":"Ayano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-023-01456-1","article-title":"The global prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Salari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, APA. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-020-01155-1","article-title":"Consensus Paper: Cerebellum and social cognition","volume":"19","author":"Manto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-024-02857-4","article-title":"Behaviour-correlated profiles of cerebellar-cerebral functional connectivity observed in independent neurodevelopmental disorder cohorts","volume":"14","author":"Morgado","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.11.007","article-title":"Large-scale brain systems in ADHD: Beyond the prefrontal-striatal model","volume":"16","author":"Castellanos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3373","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22850","article-title":"Disrupted functional connectivity of cerebellar default network areas in ADHD","volume":"36","author":"Kucyi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35658-8","article-title":"Cerebro-cerebellar networks facilitate learning through feedback decoupling","volume":"14","author":"Boven","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02000-7","article-title":"European ADHD Guidelines Group. Computerized cognitive training in ADHD: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"28","author":"Westwood","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.3702","article-title":"Neurofeedback for ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"82","author":"Westwood","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moscoso, A., Louisin, C., Caldani, S., Worms Ehrminger, M., Fefeu, M., Acquaviva, E., Delorme, R., and Bucci, M.P. (2024). Increased semantic memorization in children with ADHD during a paradigm of motor priming. Children, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/children11070787"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.32598\/bcn.2021.563.2","article-title":"Neurofeedback versus perceptual-motor exercises in visual attention in children with ADHD: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Akbarfahimi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e95542","DOI":"10.5812\/ijp.95542","article-title":"Effects of balance training on postural control of children with ADHD","volume":"30","author":"Moradi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint15030050","article-title":"Motor capabilities in children with ADHD improved after brief visuopostural training","volume":"15","author":"Caldani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20988","article-title":"Enhanced neural activity in frontal and cerebellar circuits after cognitive training in children with ADHD","volume":"31","author":"Hoekzema","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21143","article-title":"Training-induced neuroanatomical plasticity in ADHD","volume":"32","author":"Hoekzema","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DuPaul, G.J., Power, T.J., Anastopoulos, A.D., and Reid, R. (1998). ADHD Rating Scale-IV: Checklists, Norms, and Clinical Interpretation, Guilford.","DOI":"10.1037\/t00680-000"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassoumi, A., Peysakhovich, V., and Hurter, C. (2019). Improving eye-tracking calibration accuracy using symbolic regression. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213675"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moiroud, L., Moscoso, A., Acquaviva, E., Michel, A., Delorme, R., and Bucci, M.P. (2025). Gaze dispersion during sustained fixation as a proxy of visual attention in children with ADHD. Vision, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vision9030076"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lions, C., Bui-Quoc, E., Wiener-Vacher, S., Seassau, M., and Bucci, M.P. (2013). Smooth pursuit eye movements in children with strabismus and vergence deficits. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083972"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(78)90218-3","article-title":"Primary and secondary saccades to goals defined by instructions","volume":"18","author":"Hallett","year":"1978","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s40817-024-00172-w","article-title":"Eye movements and postural control in children: Biomarkers of neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"10","author":"Bucci","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"272","article-title":"Changes in dynamic postural control in children with typical development","volume":"113","author":"Debue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibert, C., Roger, F., Icart, E., Brugulat, M., and Bucci, M.P. (2023). An immersive rehabilitation therapy improves visual perceptual skills in dyslexic children. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11010021"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernard-Demanze, L., L\u00e9onard, J., Dumitrescu, M., Meller, R., Magnan, J., and Lacour, M. (2013). Static and dynamic posture control in cochlear-implanted patients. Front. Integr. Neurosci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2013.00111"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(86)90166-6","article-title":"Saccadic eye movements in schizophrenia and normal subjects","volume":"21","author":"Matsue","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00237584","article-title":"Effects of attentive fixation on eye movements evoked by FEF stimulation","volume":"61","author":"Goldberg","year":"1986","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.01-11-01218.1981","article-title":"Influence of attentive fixation on PPC neurons","volume":"1","author":"Mountcastle","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00240493","article-title":"Saccade and blinking evoked by stimulation of posterior parietal cortex","volume":"55","author":"Shibutani","year":"1984","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1992.67.4.1000","article-title":"Role of rostral SC in fixation and express saccades","volume":"67","author":"Munoz","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leigh, R.J., and Zee, D.S. (2015). The Neurology of Eye Movements, Oxford University Press. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199969289.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(03)42003-7","article-title":"Cortical control of saccades: Human model","volume":"142","author":"Ploner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2017.14.4.452","article-title":"Balance deficit and brain connectivity in children with ADHD","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii7","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afl077","article-title":"Postural orientation and equilibrium: Neural control and fall prevention","volume":"35","author":"Horak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1586\/17434440.4.5.591","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation: Indications and evidence","volume":"4","author":"Pereira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Med. Devices"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.12.007","article-title":"Intermediate-intensity exercise and working memory","volume":"102","author":"McMorris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000227537.13175.1b","article-title":"Physical activity and academic achievement in children","volume":"38","author":"Coe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-004-1097-2","article-title":"Influence of exercise intensity on central information processing","volume":"92","author":"Kamijo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2011.01054.x","article-title":"Afterschool physical activity and working memory in children","volume":"14","author":"Kamijo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wick, K., Kriemler, S., and Granacher, U. (2022). Physical fitness and cognitive performance in preschool children. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-022-00470-w"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12255","article-title":"Effects of physical exercise in children with ADHD: Review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04278-9","article-title":"Attentional instruction and feedback type in learning postural and supra-postural tasks","volume":"41","author":"Shams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/16\/2\/257\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T05:13:58Z","timestamp":1770700438000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/16\/2\/257"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["life16020257"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life16020257","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]}}}