{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T12:42:34Z","timestamp":1792672954631,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mianyang Science and Technology Program","award":["2025ZYDF009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZYDF009"]}]},{"name":"Mianyang Science and Technology Program","award":["2023ZYDF076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZYDF076"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Team Project of Mianyang Normal University","award":["CXTD2023LX01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXTD2023LX01"]}]},{"name":"Scientific research initiation project of Mianyang Normal University","award":["QD2023A01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QD2023A01"]}]},{"name":"Scientific research initiation project of Mianyang Normal University","award":["QD2023A40"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QD2023A40"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ocimum (basil) is a globally significant medicinal and culinary herb. While its bioactive secondary metabolites are well-studied, the medicinal potential of its abundant primary metabolites (amino acids, vitamins, carbohydrates, steroids) remains largely unexplored. To address this gap, we employed an integrated multi-omics strategy. First, UPLC-MS\/MS-based metabolomics quantified primary metabolites across six distinct Ocimum accessions (Ocimum \u00d7 africanum, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Ocimum gratissimum). Profiling identified 291 primary metabolites, revealing significant interspecific variation, with 273 differential accumulated metabolites (DAMs). Subsequent network pharmacology analysis of 61 high-impact DAMs predicted 516 potential targets. Protein\u2013protein interaction refinement yielded 28 core targets, predominantly integrins (ITGB1, ITGB3, ITGA4, ITGA2B, ITGAV) and kinases (IGF1R, PIK3CA, SRC). Enrichment analysis implicated these targets in focal adhesion, ECM-receptor interaction, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. Molecular docking confirmed strong potential binding (binding energy &lt; \u22127 kcal\/mol) between key tripeptides (e.g., Met-Ser-Tyr, Phe-Cys-Gln) and integrin subunits. Antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP) further showed significant genotypic variation. This study systematically deciphers the primary metabolome of Ocimum and, through a multi-omics approach, reveals novel integrin-mediated mechanisms underpinning its potential therapeutic value, providing a foundation for developing basil-based nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16020273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T13:56:23Z","timestamp":1770213383000},"page":"273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Primary Metabolites in Three Ocimum Species: Compositional Diversity, Network Pharmacology, and Integrin-Targeted Therapeutic Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1153-5495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingtian","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Ecology and Conservation in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Engineering Research Center for Forest and Grassland Disaster Prevention and Reduction at Mianyang Normal University of Sichuan Province, School of Life Sciences, College of Biology and Pharmacy, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jialin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Ecology and Conservation in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Engineering Research Center for Forest and Grassland Disaster Prevention and Reduction at Mianyang Normal University of Sichuan Province, School of Life Sciences, College of Biology and Pharmacy, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Ecology and Conservation in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Engineering Research Center for Forest and Grassland Disaster Prevention and Reduction at Mianyang Normal University of Sichuan Province, School of Life Sciences, College of Biology and Pharmacy, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanping","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Ecology and Conservation in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Engineering Research Center for Forest and Grassland Disaster Prevention and Reduction at Mianyang Normal University of Sichuan Province, School of Life Sciences, College of Biology and Pharmacy, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruijun","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Ecology and Conservation in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Engineering Research Center for Forest and Grassland Disaster Prevention and Reduction at Mianyang Normal University of Sichuan Province, School of Life Sciences, College of Biology and Pharmacy, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6160-732X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Provincial Forest and Grassland Key Laboratory of Alpine Grassland Conservation and Utilization of Tibetan Plateau, College of Grassland Resources, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinggui","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Ecology and Conservation in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Engineering Research Center for Forest and Grassland Disaster Prevention and Reduction at Mianyang Normal University of Sichuan Province, School of Life Sciences, College of Biology and Pharmacy, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3354-5429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China College of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa 850012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azizah, N.S., Irawan, B., Kusmoro, J., Safriansyah, W., Farabi, K., Oktavia, D., Doni, F., and Miranti, M. 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