{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:24:20Z","timestamp":1785331460846,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PUE CONICET","award":["22920200100009CO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22920200100009CO"]}]},{"name":"Sociedad Argentina de Diabetes Translational Research Grant 2023"},{"name":"Novo Nordisk Pharma Argentina S.A."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Local specific biomarkers for MASLD risk stratification are urgently needed in Argentina. Aim: The aim of the study was to characterize the interaction of gut microbiome signatures and genetic and clinical risk factors for MASLD in patients with diabetes from different regions of Argentina. Materials and Methods: We recruited 214 patients with diabetes from different regions of Argentina. Anthropometric, clinical, and lifestyle data were obtained from all participants, who also underwent abdominal ultrasound for MASLD diagnosis and oral swabbing. The PNPLA3 gene was amplified by PCR from the swabs, and the rs738409 genotype was determined via bidirectional sequencing. To profile the MASLD-associated microbiome, stool was collected from 170 participants. V4 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed, and reads were analyzed using QIIME2 2024.10.1. R Studio 2023.05.1 was used for statistical analyses. Results: MASLD prevalence was 77.9%, with similar rates of occurrence in all regions represented. FIB-4 scores &lt; 1.3 and &gt; 2.67 were detected in 55.3% and 7.4% of patients, respectively. Half of the diabetic patients had the PNPLA3 GG genotype, with the highest rates occurring in patients from Northwestern Argentina (64.9%; p = 0.02 vs. Buenos Aires). The PNPLA3 GG genotype was an independent risk factor for FIB-4 score (p = 0.0008) and a protective factor against glycated hemoglobin (p = 0.004), fasting plasma glucose (p = 0.008), and cholesterol levels (p = 0.02). Marked regional differences were observed in microbiota diversity and composition in Argentina. After adjusting for geographical region, Negativibacillus genus was exclusively detected in diabetic patients with MASLD and GG carriers. The Catenibacterium genus was related to FIB-4 &gt; 2.67. Short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria were linked to the absence of MASLD. Conclusions: Although some geographical regions of Argentina were not represented in this study and these results therefore cannot be generalized to the country as a whole, these specific signatures could be useful as biomarkers for MASLD risk stratification in Argentines with diabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16020283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T16:32:59Z","timestamp":1770395579000},"page":"283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Interactions Between the Gut Microbiome and Genetic and Clinical Risk Factors for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus from Different Geographical Regions of Argentina"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Suarez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Traslacional e Ingenier\u00eda Biom\u00e9dica (IMTIB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Universidad del Hospital Italiano (UHIBA), Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (HIBA), Buenos Aires C1199ACJ, Argentina"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7389-3159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana Mabel","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, Department of General Medicine, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (HIBA), Buenos Aires C1199ABB, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0306-6414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Florencia","family":"Mascardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Traslacional e Ingenier\u00eda Biom\u00e9dica (IMTIB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Universidad del Hospital Italiano (UHIBA), Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (HIBA), Buenos Aires C1199ACJ, Argentina"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Laura Manzano","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, Department of General Medicine, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (HIBA), Buenos Aires C1199ABB, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Hoon","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Unit, Department of General Medicine, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (HIBA), Buenos Aires C1199ABB, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Mercedes","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Unit, Department of General Medicine, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (HIBA), Buenos Aires C1199ABB, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Alzueta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Balcarce B7620ELO, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda del Carmen","family":"Basbus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinol\u00f3gicas (CIDEN) Private Center, San Salvador de Jujuy Y4600APP, Jujuy Province, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Bruzone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Diagn\u00f3stico e Investigaciones Metab\u00f3licas (IDIM) Private Center, Buenos Aires C1406GLN, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Cuart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Center, Ituzaing\u00f3 W3302, Corrientes Province, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Dieuzeide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integral Care in Diabetes, Chacabuco B6740ELF, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresita","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro M\u00e9dico de Atenci\u00f3n y Prevenci\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica (CMIC) Private Center, San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n T4000EBC, Tucum\u00e1n Province, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Escobar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Mario Stivala Public Hospital, La Cocha T4164, Tucum\u00e1n Province, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ram\u00f3n Diego Jos\u00e9","family":"Carulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albarrac\u00edn Medical Consultation Center, Bariloche R8400BFC, R\u00edo Negro Province, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Oviedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Buenos Aires C1405CDT, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Segura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Alberto Maggio Municipal Diabetes Center, Malvinas Argentinas B1613FIJ, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olguita Del Valle","family":"Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, R\u00edo Gallegos Z9400BAM, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier Nicol\u00e1s","family":"Giunta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, Department of General Medicine, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (HIBA), Buenos Aires C1199ABB, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"Gadano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology Unit, Department of General Medicine, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (HIBA), Buenos Aires C1199ABB, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4781-8005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julieta","family":"Trinks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Traslacional e Ingenier\u00eda Biom\u00e9dica (IMTIB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Universidad del Hospital Italiano (UHIBA), Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (HIBA), Buenos Aires C1199ACJ, Argentina"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2025.02.044","article-title":"Global Consensus Recommendations for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Steatohepatitis","volume":"169","author":"Younossi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.03.042","article-title":"Noninvasive Assessment of Liver Fibrosis in NAFLD","volume":"21","author":"Sanyal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. 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