{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T13:51:40Z","timestamp":1770817900221,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dercum\u2019s disease (DD) is a rare condition characterized by intense, asymmetrical, chronic burning pain localized in adipose tissue, often accompanied by subcutaneous fat nodules, leading to a significant reduction in quality of life. It typically affects overweight or obese adults between 35 and 50 years of age, with a marked female predominance. Despite numerous hypotheses proposed over time, the pathophysiology of DD remains poorly understood. Diagnosis is particularly challenging, as it relies solely on clinical evaluation. Given the overlapping features with other conditions, including symptoms, clinical course and inheritance pattern, a differential, accurate, and timely diagnosis is essential for the effective management of DD. Current treatment strategies focus primarily on pain relief, reflecting the still uncomplete understanding of DD etiopathogenesis. This review provides an updated overview of the current knowledge on DD, with particular emphasis on recent advances in pharmacological treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16020290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T09:41:02Z","timestamp":1770630062000},"page":"290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dercum\u2019s Disease: Bridging Present Understanding and Emerging Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4619-6227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Gorini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Epidemiology of Rare Diseases and Congenital Anomalies, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9816-3144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Coi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Epidemiology of Rare Diseases and Congenital Anomalies, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Verdelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Dermatological Clinic, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, P.O. Piero Palagi, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, 50122 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3263-4353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Magnaterra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncologic Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0154-3173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manfredi","family":"Magliulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0630-3501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Sanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3637-9845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia","family":"Corti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5416-4392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Landini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Donati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8253-4127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Bonanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Dermatological Clinic, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, P.O. Piero Palagi, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, 50122 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1078-157X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Daher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Corr\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Ospedale San Bartolo, 36100 Vicenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cinzia","family":"Pupilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SOSD Endocrinology ASL Center, 50122 Tuscany, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0388-1037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena Biancamaria","family":"Mariotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Dermatology, Azienda USL Toscana Nord Ovest, 55100 Lucca, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0307-6636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Ruffo di Calabria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SSD Dermatology, Cardinal Massaia Hospital, 14100 Asti, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1701-8772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Magnatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7471-3471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marzia","family":"Caproni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Dermatological Clinic, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, P.O. Piero Palagi, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, 50122 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, October 04). ORPHA: 36397. Adiposis Dolorosa. Available online: https:\/\/www.orpha.net\/en\/disease\/detail\/36397."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"NORD, National Organization of Rare Disorders (2025, October 04). Dercum\u2019s Disease. Available online: https:\/\/rarediseases.org\/rare-diseases\/dercums-disease\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lemaitre, M., Aubert, S., Chevalier, B., Jannin, A., Bourry, J., Pr\u00e9vost, G., Lefebvre, H., and Vantyghem, M.C. (2021). Rare Forms of Lipomatosis: Dercum\u2019s Disease and Roch-Leri Mesosomatous Lipomatosis. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10061292"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20198231","article-title":"Dercum\u2019s disease: A rare and underdiagnosed disease","volume":"94","author":"Molina","year":"2019","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.5114\/reum.2019.89521","article-title":"Dercum\u2019s disease (adiposis dolorosa): A review of clinical presentation and management","volume":"57","author":"Kucharz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reumatologia"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"6129706","article-title":"Dercum\u2019s Disease: A Case Report of a Patient Having Both Type 1 and Type 2 Dercum\u2019s Disease","volume":"2020","author":"Moattari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep. Dermatol. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-7-23","article-title":"Review of Dercum\u2019s disease and proposal of diagnostic criteria, diagnostic methods, classification and management","volume":"7","author":"Hansson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"e48615","article-title":"Dercum\u2019s Disease: A Rare Disease of Painful Fatty Lumps","volume":"15","author":"Mosbeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1097\/TEN.0b013e31815942294","article-title":"Adiposis Dolorosa Is More Than Painful Fat","volume":"17","author":"Herbst","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinologist"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"755","article-title":"Rare Presentation of Dercum\u2019s Disease in a Child with Abnormalities in Lipoprotein Metabolism","volume":"111","author":"Izar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"FRD4","DOI":"10.2217\/frd-2020-0004","article-title":"Dercum\u2019s Disease: Estimating the Prevalence of a Rare Painful Loose Connective Tissue","volume":"1","author":"Munguia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17448069231178176","DOI":"10.1177\/17448069231178176","article-title":"Inflammation in pathogenesis of chronic pain: Foe and friend","volume":"19","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2017.127","article-title":"Depolarizing Effectors of Bradykinin Signaling in Nociceptor Excitation in Pain Perception","volume":"26","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2017.04.022","article-title":"Widespread painful nodules in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"46","author":"Benfaremo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2017223869","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2017-223869","article-title":"Trauma-induced adiposis dolorosa (Dercum\u2019s disease)","volume":"2018","author":"Hao","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2025, October 26). VA Citation Nr: 22015869. In the Appeal of Dercum\u2019s Disease, VA Decision, Available online: https:\/\/www.va.gov\/vetapp22\/Files3\/22015869.txt."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233707083956","article-title":"JP-8 jet fuel exposure induces high levels of IL-10 and PGE2 secretion and is correlated with loss of immune function","volume":"23","author":"Harris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Ind. Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233708090908","article-title":"JP-8 jet fuel exposure potentiates tumor development in two experimental model systems","volume":"23","author":"Harris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Ind. Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reytor-Gonz\u00e1lez, C., Jim\u00e9nez-Flores, E., Toral-Noristz, M., Campuzano-Donoso, M., Rom\u00e1n-Galeano, N.M., and Simancas-Racines, D. (2025). The Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Dercum\u2019s Disease: Exploring the Intersection of Obesity, Pain, and Inflammation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262211130"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045894020952019","DOI":"10.1177\/2045894020952023","article-title":"Obesity, estrogens and adipose tissue dysfunction\u2014Implications for pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"10","author":"Mair","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pulm. Circ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chait, A., and den Hartigh, L.J. (2020). Adipose Tissue Distribution, Inflammation and Its Metabolic Consequences, Including Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2020.00022"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4467","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00192-09","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha induces fibrosis and insulin resistance in white adipose tissue","volume":"29","author":"Halberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-63657-8_11","article-title":"Adipose Tissue Hypoxia in Obesity: Clinical Reappraisal of Hypoxia Hypothesis","volume":"1460","author":"Engin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04634","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species have a causal role in multiple forms of insulin resistance","volume":"440","author":"Houstis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kury\u0142owicz, A. (2023). Estrogens in Adipose Tissue Physiology and Obesity-Related Dysfunction. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11030690"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2019.e00682","article-title":"Infections preceding the development of Dercum disease","volume":"19","author":"Beltran","year":"2019","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20836","article-title":"An abnormal lymphatic phenotype is associated with subcutaneous adipose tissue deposits in Dercum\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-11-19","article-title":"Subcutaneous adipose tissue fatty acid desaturation in adults with and without rare adipose disorders","volume":"11","author":"Yee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-014-8020-4","article-title":"Fatty acid desaturation index in human plasma: Comparison of different analytical methodologies for the evaluation of diet effects","volume":"406","author":"Klawitter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2017.10.003","article-title":"Insights into Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase-1 Regulation of Systemic Metabolism","volume":"28","author":"ALJohani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-6-27","article-title":"Fatty acid desaturation index correlates with body mass and adiposity indices of obesity in Wistar NIN obese mutant rat strains WNIN\/Ob and WNIN\/GR-Ob","volume":"6","author":"Jeyakumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.09.050","article-title":"Dercum\u2019s disease: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"88","author":"Asdourian","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-015-0378-1","article-title":"Juxta-articular adiposis dolorosa (Dercum\u2019s disease type IV): Report of four cases and treatment by dermolipectomy","volume":"165","author":"Wollina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wien. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.5114\/reum.2016.62477","article-title":"Mixed generalized\/juxta-articular form of Dercum\u2019s disease","volume":"54","author":"Kucharz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reumatologia"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glmedi.2023.100025","article-title":"Dercum\u2019s disease: A rare adipose tissue disorder","volume":"1","author":"Arsal","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Surg. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"171","article-title":"Dercum\u2019s Disease: The Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, Radiological Findings, and Treatment of a Rare, Debilitating Inflammatory Disorder","volume":"5","author":"Boufeas","year":"2024","journal-title":"HCA Healthc. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-010-0253-9","article-title":"Adiposis dolorosa of scalp presenting with severe headache: An unusual case","volume":"11","author":"Kawale","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"omad075","DOI":"10.1093\/omcr\/omad075","article-title":"An unusual presentation of Dercum\u2019s disease to the emergency department","volume":"2023","author":"Baig","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oxf. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1177\/030089160809400523","article-title":"A rare cause of mastalgia: Dercum\u2019s disease (adiposis dolorosa)","volume":"94","author":"Trentin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tumori"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2010.03.006","article-title":"Relationship between fibromyalgia and obesity in pain, function, mood, and sleep","volume":"11","author":"Okifuji","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_2052_22","article-title":"Prevalence and Impact of obesity on fibromyalgia syndrome and its allied symptoms","volume":"12","author":"Mathkhor","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Family Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2025.02.013","article-title":"Obesity substantially impacts rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases: Time to act","volume":"84","author":"Sattar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104014","article-title":"Obesity and sleep disorders: A bidirectional relationship","volume":"35","author":"Figorilli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.005","article-title":"The menace of obesity to depression and anxiety prevalence","volume":"33","author":"Fulton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1159\/000527041","article-title":"Chronic Pain and Psychiatric Conditions","volume":"9","author":"Johnston","year":"2022","journal-title":"Complex Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2016.205","article-title":"Differentiating lipedema and Dercum\u2019s disease","volume":"41","author":"Beltran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"603","article-title":"Differential Diagnosis of a Case of Dercum\u2019s Disease with Possible Familial Involvement and Review of Literature","volume":"94","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpc.2023.100511","article-title":"High density lipoprotein: When to rethink too much of a good thing","volume":"15","author":"Dastmalchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5041218","article-title":"Dyslipidemia in obesity: Mechanisms and potential targets","volume":"5","author":"Klop","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vekic, J., Zeljkovic, A., Cicero, A.F.G., Janez, A., Stoian, A.P., Sonmez, A., and Rizzo, M. (2022). Atherosclerosis Development and Progression: The Role of Atherogenic Small, Dense LDL. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58020299"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000154553.12214.CD","article-title":"Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity is associated with risk of coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke: The Rotterdam Study","volume":"111","author":"Oei","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2007.04.038","article-title":"The association between lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and cardiovascular disease and total mortality in vascular medicine patients","volume":"46","author":"Allison","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"187","article-title":"Morbo di Dercum: Inquadramento nosologico e descrizione di un caso clinico [Dercum\u2019s disease: A case report]","volume":"20","author":"Moi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Ital. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"64","article-title":"Adiposis dolorosa with hypercholesterolemia and premature severe generalized atherosclerosis","volume":"62","author":"Szypula","year":"2009","journal-title":"Wiad. Lek."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.119","article-title":"Lipomatosis-associated inflammation and excess collagen may contribute to lower relative resting energy expenditure in women with adiposis dolorosa","volume":"33","author":"Herbst","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2017.0242","article-title":"Multinucleated Giant Cells: Good Guys or Bad Guys?","volume":"24","author":"Miron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5026","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-06-162404","article-title":"CX3CL1\/fractalkine is released from apoptotic lymphocytes to stimulate macrophage chemotaxis","volume":"112","author":"Truman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2003.10.019","article-title":"Macrophage inflammatory protein-1","volume":"36","author":"Maurer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iwaszko, M., Bia\u0142y, S., and Bogunia-Kubik, K. (2021). Significance of Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 in Inflammatory Arthritis. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113000"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roeb, E. (2023). Interleukin-13 (IL-13)\u2014A Pleiotropic Cytokine Involved in Wound Healing and Fibrosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612884"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-9255-8-24","article-title":"Histology of adipose tissue inflammation in Dercum\u2019s disease, obesity and normal weight controls: A case control study","volume":"8","author":"Hansson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28360","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000028360","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical stimulation therapy and genetic analysis in Dercum\u2019s disease: A pilot study","volume":"100","author":"Caretto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"149","article-title":"Lipedema: A common though often unrecognized condition","volume":"6","author":"Carvalho","year":"2024","journal-title":"CJPRS"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2014.08.011","article-title":"Pathophysiological dilemmas of lipedema","volume":"83","author":"Groma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katzer, K., Hill, J.L., McIver, K.B., and Foster, M.T. (2021). Lipedema and the Potential Role of Estrogen in Excessive Adipose Tissue Accumulation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111720"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055223","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1055223","article-title":"Association between android fat mass, gynoid fat mass and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in adults: NHANES 2003-2007","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.185","article-title":"Biology of upper-body and lower-body adipose tissue\u2014Link to whole-body phenotypes","volume":"11","author":"Karpe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2019.0011","article-title":"Lipedema and Dercum\u2019s Disease: A New Application of Bioimpedance","volume":"17","author":"Crescenzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lymphat. Res. Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1722","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000001722","article-title":"Multiple Symmetric Lipomatosis: New Classification System Based on the Largest German Patient Cohort","volume":"6","author":"Schiltz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"(2025, October 14). ORPHA: 2398. Multiple Symmetric Lipomatosis. Available online: https:\/\/www.orpha.net\/en\/disease\/detail\/2398."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2018030","DOI":"10.4322\/acr.2018.030","article-title":"Madelung disease (multiple symmetric lipomatosis)","volume":"8","author":"Maximiano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autops. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2015.01.010","article-title":"Multiple symmetric lipomatosis: A rare disease and its possible links to brown adipose tissue","volume":"25","author":"Enzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2416681","DOI":"10.1080\/21623945.2024.2416681","article-title":"Research progress on the pathogenesis of multiple symmetrical lipomatosis","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adipocyte"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-1013","article-title":"LIPE-related lipodystrophic syndrome: Clinical features and disease modeling using adipose stem cells","volume":"184","author":"Sollier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"(2025, October 15). ORPHA: 199276. Familial Multiple Lipomatosis. Available online: https:\/\/www.orpha.net\/en\/disease\/sign\/199276."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9664","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.9664","article-title":"A Comprehensive Case Report on Familial Multiple Lipomatosis","volume":"12","author":"Raza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2021.104077","article-title":"Multiple symmetric and multiple familial lipomatosis","volume":"50","author":"Lemaitre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Presse Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.03.015","article-title":"HMGA2 promotes adipogenesis by activating C\/EBP\u03b2-mediated expression of PPAR\u03b3","volume":"472","author":"Xi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cancergen.2011.09.005","article-title":"HMGA2 and MDM2 expression in lipomatous tumors with partial, low-level amplification of sequences from the long arm of chromosome 12","volume":"204","author":"Mandahl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Genet."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walitt, B., Nahin, R.L., Katz, R.S., Bergman, M.J., and Wolfe, F. (2015). The Prevalence and Characteristics of Fibromyalgia in the 2012 National Health Interview Survey. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138024"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruschak, I., Montes\u00f3-Curto, P., Rossell\u00f3, L., Aguilar Mart\u00edn, C., S\u00e1nchez-Montes\u00f3, L., and Toussaint, L. (2023). Fibromyalgia Syndrome Pain in Men and Women: A Scoping Review. Healthcare, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1286729"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2021.02.007","article-title":"Fibromyalgia and obesity: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Ciaffi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"(2025, October 16). NFA, National Fibromyalgia Association. Available online: https:\/\/www.fmaware.org\/."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744806918819944","DOI":"10.1177\/1744806918819944","article-title":"Fibromyalgia: Genetics and epigenetics insights may provide the basis for the development of diagnostic biomarkers","volume":"15","author":"Gerra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S298685","article-title":"Effects of Polymorphisms in the Serotonin Transporter Promoter-Linked Polymorphic Region on Postthoracotomy Pain Severity","volume":"14","author":"Kimura","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-025-03816-9","article-title":"Panniculitis: A narrative review","volume":"317","author":"Maniam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"194","article-title":"Panniculitis in the setting of dermato\/rheumatologic diseases","volume":"153","author":"Caputo","year":"2018","journal-title":"G. Ital. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"8846932","article-title":"Atypical Lipomatous Tumor\/Well-Differentiated Liposarcoma with Intramuscular Lipoma-Like Component of the Thigh","volume":"2020","author":"Burusapat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep. Surg."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.24928","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of lipoma and atypical lipomatous tumor\/well-differentiated liposarcoma by cytological analysis","volume":"50","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagn. Cytopathol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2019.02.006","article-title":"Well-differentiated liposarcoma and dedifferentiated liposarcoma: An updated review","volume":"36","author":"Thway","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mashima, E., Sawada, Y., Saito-Sasaki, N., Yamamoto, K., Ohmori, S., Omoto, D., Yoshioka, H., Yoshioka, M., Okada, E., and Aoki, T. (2020). A Retrospective Study of Superficial Type Atypical Lipomatous Tumor. Front. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.609515"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoldx.2020.11.011","article-title":"A Rapid and Cost-Effective Gene Expression Assay for the Diagnosis of Well-Differentiated and Dedifferentiated Liposarcomas","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"(2025, October 24). ORPHA: 96253. Cushing Disease. Available online: https:\/\/www.orpha.net\/en\/disease\/detail\/96253."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.4158\/EP-2018-0111","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Cushing Disease: An Update on the Genetics of Corticotropinomas","volume":"24","author":"Albani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jurek, A., Krzesi\u0144ski, P., Uzi\u0119b\u0142o-\u017byczkowska, B., Witek, P., Zieli\u0144ski, G., Wierzbowski, R., Kazimierczak, A., Banak, M., and Gielerak, G. (2024). Obesity-Related Hemodynamic Alterations in Patients with Cushing\u2019s Disease. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13061658"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01961-X","article-title":"Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"402","author":"Gadelha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurpra.2025.105562","article-title":"Should Hypercortisolism Be Part of Your Differential Diagnosis?","volume":"22","author":"Ray","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Nurse Pract."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)00086-3","article-title":"Complications of Cushing\u2019s syndrome: State of the art","volume":"4","author":"Pivonello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"(2025, October 24). ORPHA: 652. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1. Available online: https:\/\/www.orpha.net\/en\/disease\/detail\/652?name=MEN1&mode=name."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K.J., Yu, M.H., Hwang, Y.A., Moon, S., Hong, N., and Rhee, Y. (2025). Epidemiology and clinical outcomes of clinically suspected multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 in South Korea: A nationwide cohort study. Front. Endocrinol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1562282"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pierotti, L., Pardi, E., Dinoi, E., Piaggi, P., Borsari, S., Della Valentina, S., Sardella, C., Michelucci, A., Caligo, M.A., and Bogazzi, F. (2023). Cutaneous lesions and other non-endocrine manifestations of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1 syndrome. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1191040"},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"e18327","article-title":"Dermatologic Manifestations of Endocrine Disorders","volume":"1","author":"Raj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5328","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0218","article-title":"Cutaneous tumors in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasm type 1 (MEN1) and gastrinomas: Prospective study of frequency and development of criteria with high sensitivity and specificity for MEN1","volume":"89","author":"Asgharian","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.05.012","article-title":"Epidemiology of pain and relation to psychiatric disorder","volume":"87","author":"Velly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Heer, E.W., Gerrits, M.M., Beekman, A.T., Dekker, J., van Marwijk, H.W., de Waal, M.W., Spinhoven, P., Penninx, B.W., and van der Feltz-Cornelis, C.M. (2014). The association of depression and anxiety with pain: A study from NESDA. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106907"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s42358-024-00375-x","article-title":"Cross-sectional study of psychiatric disorders in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain and individuals without pain","volume":"64","author":"Duque","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"e61499","article-title":"Infliximab-Induced Improvement in Dercum\u2019s Disease","volume":"16","author":"McKay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"16","article-title":"Deoxycholic acid injections as a nonsurgical treatment for lipomas in adiposis dolorosa (Dercum disease)","volume":"30","author":"Schwartz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP454","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjae074","article-title":"Risks and Complications Rate in Liposuction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"44","author":"Comerci","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aesthet. Surg. J."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2011.01101.x","article-title":"Liposuction may reduce pain in Dercum\u2019s disease (adiposis dolorosa)","volume":"12","author":"Hansson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s13037-020-00265-3","article-title":"Iatrogenic sciatic nerve injury during liposuction and fat tissue grafting: A preventable surgical complication with devastating patient outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Abdallah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Patient Saf. Surg."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"100185","article-title":"Dercum\u2019s disease: A unique case of recrudescent lipomas necessitating surgery","volume":"5","author":"Young","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Public. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shiffman, M., and Di Giuseppe, A. (2016). Liposuction in Dercum\u2019s Disease. Liposuction, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-48903-1"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2021.07.009","article-title":"Lesion reduction with intralesional deoxycholic acid in Dercum disease with radiographic evidence","volume":"15","author":"Rice","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e254263","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2022-254263","article-title":"Presentation of multiple painful subcutaneous nodules: Dercum\u2019s disease, a rare variant of lipoma","volume":"16","author":"Hollands","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"529","article-title":"Adiposis Dolorosa Pain Management","volume":"36","author":"Eliason","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fed. Pract."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(87)91062-1","article-title":"Dercum\u2019s disease (adiposis dolorosa). Treatment of the severe pain with intravenous lidocaine","volume":"28","author":"Petersen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-008-0635-3","article-title":"Dercum\u2019s disease (Lipomatosis dolorosa): Successful therapy with pregabalin and manual lymphatic drainage and a current overview","volume":"29","author":"Lange","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2008.00417.x","article-title":"Treatment of pain in Dercum\u2019s disease with Lidoderm (lidocaine 5% patch): A case report","volume":"9","author":"Desai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2230.1999.00466.x","article-title":"Treatment of pain in adiposis dolorosa (Dercum\u2019s disease) with intravenous lidocaine: A case report with a 10-year follow-up","volume":"24","author":"Devillers","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"155","article-title":"Dercum\u2019s disease: Adiposis dolorosa","volume":"24","author":"Palmer","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-199412000-00020","article-title":"Adiposis dolorosa (Dercum\u2019s disease): 10-year follow-up","volume":"33","author":"Brodovsky","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02206847","article-title":"Juxta-articular adiposis dolorosa associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Report of 2 cases with good response to local corticosteroid injection","volume":"6","author":"Weinberger","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)62225-3","article-title":"Pathophysiology of pain","volume":"69","author":"Cross","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1991.01680020099013","article-title":"Corticosteroid-induced juxta-articular adiposis dolorosa","volume":"127","author":"Greenbaum","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_126","unstructured":"Hanoodi, M., and Mittal, M. (2025, November 22). Methotrexate. [Updated 11 December 2024], StatPearls [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK556114\/."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bedoui, Y., Guillot, X., S\u00e9lambarom, J., Guiraud, P., Giry, C., Jaffar-Bandjee, M.C., Ralandison, S., and Gasque, P. (2019). Methotrexate an Old Drug with New Tricks. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20205023"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2018.07.004","article-title":"Methotrexate mechanism in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"86","author":"Friedman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jt. Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2006.02021.x","article-title":"Dercum\u2019s disease (adiposis dolorosa): A report of improvement with infliximab and methotrexate","volume":"21","author":"Singal","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1097\/01.meg.0000108345.41221.c2","article-title":"Infliximab: Mechanism of action beyond TNF-alpha neutralization in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"16","author":"Kirman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.04.010","article-title":"Targets for TNF-alpha-induced lipolysis in human adipocytes","volume":"318","author":"Arvidsson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_132","unstructured":"Magnatta, A., Corti, V., Sanna, L., Magliulo, M., Ruffo di Calabria, V., Magnaterra, E., Mariotti, E.B., Landini, S., Bonanni, I., and Gorini, F. (2025). Dercum disease: Clinical outcomes and a novel therapeutic approach with semaglutide and tirzepatide from a single-center case series. Life, under review."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salvador, R., Moutinho, C.G., Sousa, C., Vinha, A.F., Carvalho, M., and Matos, C. (2025). Semaglutide as a GLP-1 Agonist: A Breakthrough in Obesity Treatment. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18030399"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szekeres, Z., Nagy, A., Jahner, K., and Szabados, E. (2024). Impact of Selected Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists on Serum Lipids, Adipose Tissue, and Muscle Metabolism-A Narrative Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158214"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e194751","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI194751","article-title":"Antiinflammatory actions of glucagon-like peptide-1-based therapies beyond metabolic benefits","volume":"135","author":"Wong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-79090-7_1","article-title":"Neuropathic pain: A clinical perspective","volume":"194","author":"Baron","year":"2009","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(97)80164-X","article-title":"Interferon alfa-2b induced long-term relief of pain in two patients with adiposis dolorosa and chronic hepatitis C","volume":"27","author":"Gonciarz","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"517","article-title":"A successful case of pain management using metformin in a patient with adiposis dolorosa","volume":"51","author":"Liber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.12.026","article-title":"Low-Dose d-Amphetamine Induced Regression of Liver Fat Deposits in Dercum Disease","volume":"131","author":"Ghazala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-016-0231-3","article-title":"Deoxycholic Acid: A Review in Submental Fat Contouring","volume":"17","author":"Deeks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000001800","article-title":"Novel Use of Deoxycholic Acid for Adiposis Dolorosa (Dercum Disease)","volume":"45","author":"Wipf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e950","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000950","article-title":"Successful Treatment of Dercum\u2019s Disease by Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation: A Case Report","volume":"94","author":"Martinenghi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103223","article-title":"Efficacy of Frequency Rhythmic Electrical Modulated System (FREMS) in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"19","author":"Azarboo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.28377","article-title":"Myofascial Pain Syndrome: An Update on Clinical Characteristics, Etiopathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment","volume":"71","author":"Steen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2011.1236","article-title":"Effectiveness of the frequency rhythmic electrical modulation system for the treatment of chronic and painful venous leg ulcers in older adults","volume":"15","author":"Santamato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e233","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-0730","article-title":"Improvement in clinical symptoms of scleredema diabeticorum by frequency-modulated electromagnetic neural stimulation: A case report","volume":"37","author":"Gandolfi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/16\/2\/290\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T11:35:05Z","timestamp":1770809705000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/16\/2\/290"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]]},"references-count":146,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["life16020290"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life16020290","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]]}}}