{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T13:25:38Z","timestamp":1770902738676,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008993","name":"University of Zagreb","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10106-24-1504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10106-24-1504"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008993","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Conventional measures such as maximal oxygen uptake (V\u02d9O2max), although widely regarded as the gold standard, do not fully capture endurance performance. Therefore, this study investigated whether a 2.4 km Cooper test elicits measurable changes in blood-based biomarkers (decorin, hypoxanthine, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)) and whether integrating these markers may improve performance prediction in a heterogeneous sample of runners. In this cross-sectional observational proof-of-concept study, thirty-three participants completed the 2.4 km Cooper test, with venous blood samples collected at baseline and post-test. Non-parametric statistical tests were used to assess biomarker changes (\u03b1 = 0.05), with exploratory correlations evaluated using Spearman\u2019s \u03c1. To examine whether blood-based biomarkers provide information beyond conventional field-based predictors, Ridge regression with leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) was applied to predict 10 km race time in a subsample of 24 participants who completed a 10 km race two weeks later. The Cooper test elicited significant post-test changes in decorin, hypoxanthine, and BDNF (all p &lt; 0.001). Higher post-test decorin (\u03c1 = \u22120.44, p = 0.010) and hypoxanthine (\u03c1 = \u22120.37, p = 0.034) were associated with faster Cooper test performance. In Ridge regression analysis, adding post-test decorin to conventional predictors resulted in a minor reduction of 10 km race time prediction error. This study suggests that decorin may provide complementary information to a conventional field-based test in heterogeneous recreational runners. Post-test decorin marginally contributed to 10 km race performance prediction beyond established predictors, though external validation and comparison with directly measured V\u02d9O2max are needed before practical application can be recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16020320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T12:05:46Z","timestamp":1770897946000},"page":"320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Can Non-Conventional Blood Biomarkers Improve Running Performance Prediction? A Proof of Concept"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4003-0688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matija","family":"Dvorski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Sports Medicine, Andrija Stampar School of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0098-4938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marija","family":"Rakovac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiological Anthropology and Methodology, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 10110 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomislav","family":"Kelava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nata\u0161a","family":"Kova\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darja","family":"Flegar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Ani\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0642-1247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivo","family":"Kre\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ljiljana","family":"\u0106ulibrk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athletic Club Agram, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filip","family":"Kora\u017eija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Running Club and Academy Tr\u010daona, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5726-4301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damjan","family":"Dimnjakovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7523-1047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan","family":"\u0160u\u0107ur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2016-0120","article-title":"A New Method to Individualize Monitoring of Muscle Recovery in Athletes","volume":"12","author":"Hecksteden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. 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