{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T10:27:59Z","timestamp":1771324079070,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The human microbiota is increasingly recognized as a key component of women\u2019s reproductive health. This narrative review examines the vaginal, endometrial, and gut microbiota and their roles in the pathogenesis of gynecologic and obstetric disorders, aiming to integrate current evidence into a clinically relevant framework. We review intrinsic (genetic, hormonal, and immunological) and extrinsic (environmental, lifestyle, and pharmacological) factors shaping microbial composition, with particular focus on dysbiosis and the role of the gut estrobolome within the microbiome in estrogen metabolism. The review synthesizes data on microbiota alterations associated with endometriosis, adenomyosis, uterine fibroids, endometrial polyps and hyperplasia, gynecologic malignancies, pelvic inflammatory disease, bacterial vaginosis, infertility, and adverse obstetric outcomes, including preterm birth and fetal growth restriction. Methodological approaches used to characterize the reproductive tract microbiota, such as vaginal swabs, endometrial sampling, and fecal analysis, are critically discussed, together with limitations related to low-biomass environments and contamination risk. Evidence regarding therapeutic modulation of the microbiota, including antibiotics, probiotics, hormonal therapies, and emerging microbiota-based interventions, is summarized, alongside the impact of gynecologic surgery on microbial translocation and long-term microbial balance. Overall, the available literature supports an association between microbiota alterations and multiple reproductive conditions, although causality remains incompletely established. Further standardized and longitudinal studies are needed to clarify mechanisms and guide microbiota-informed diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16020344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T09:22:46Z","timestamp":1771320166000},"page":"344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Dive into the Invisible: The Vaginal and Endometrial Microbiota in Gynecologic and Obstetric Disorders: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1493-9679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgia","family":"Schettini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Pieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7515-5782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Giorgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynecological Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Valdarno Hospital, 52025 Montevarchi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4775-3777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia","family":"Mancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University Hospital of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3263-553X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nassir","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yvette Clinique, 67 Route de Corbeil, 91160 Longjumeau, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4136-4153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramon","family":"Rovira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Saint Creu and Saint Pau Hospital, 08025 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6113-7401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Centini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alta Val D\u2019Elsa Hospital, Azienda USL Toscana Sud-Est, Campostaggia, 53036 Poggibonsi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Turnbaugh, P.J., and Ley, R.E. 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