{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:49:09Z","timestamp":1788965349477,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the association between the triglyceride\u2013glucose index (TyG) and the risk of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: This study included 1347 patients with type 2 diabetes who attended the endocrinology clinic at Jordan University Hospital between May 2025 and October 2025. Medical records were reviewed to identify patients with documented DKD, and the TyG index was calculated for each patient. Results: Our results showed that patients with both late-stage kidney disease (mean 9.47 \u00b1 0.74) and early-stage kidney disease (mean 9.42 \u00b1 0.67) demonstrated elevated TyG index values compared to those without kidney disease (mean 9.27 \u00b1 0.70). In the fully adjusted model, the association remained robust with an OR of 1.611 (95% CI: 1.330\u20131.951, p &lt; 0.001), indicating that higher TyG index values are independently associated with increased kidney risk even after controlling for major confounding variables. When comparing TyG index quartiles, the second quartile showed no significant difference from the reference group, while the third quartile showed 66% increased odds (OR = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.176\u20132.345, p = 0.004) and the fourth quartile demonstrated 117% increased odds (OR = 2.174, 95% CI: 1.512\u20133.125, p &lt; 0.001). The association between the TyG index and DKD was more significant in patients younger than 60 years, and in women. In conclusion, the TGI was associated with increased risk of DKD; however, its discriminative ability was modest (AUC 0.57). This indicates that the TGI alone is insufficient as a predictive tool and should be interpreted alongside established screening tools. Prospective studies are needed to clarify its causal role in DKD development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16020345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T13:15:35Z","timestamp":1771334135000},"page":"345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Association Between the Triglyceride\u2013Glucose Index and the Risk of Diabetic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1991-215X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Munther S.","family":"Momani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1628-1427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raneem","family":"Dalaeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8312-7443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dia","family":"Sarhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaid","family":"Sarhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6031-6480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suhib","family":"Awamleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yazan M.","family":"Momani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar Abu","family":"Farsakh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1366278","article-title":"Definition, classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus","volume":"122","author":"Kerner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2007.01.004","article-title":"An increase in prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Jordan over 10 years","volume":"22","author":"Ajlouni","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04095","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.15.04095","article-title":"Prevalence and socioeconomic factors of diabetes: A population-based cross-sectional analysis from Jordan","volume":"15","author":"Alnahar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1098-3597(03)90014-7","article-title":"Diabetic nephropathy","volume":"5","author":"Rabkin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Cornerstone"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farah, R.I., Al-Sabbagh, M.Q., Momani, M.S., Albtoosh, A., Arabiat, M., Abdulraheem, A.M., Aljabiri, H., and Abufaraj, M. (2021). Diabetic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study. BMC Nephrol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-021-02429-4"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"761","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of diabetic foot syndrome in type 2 diabetes mellitus in Jordan","volume":"24","author":"Jbour","year":"2003","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"USRDS (2026, January 19). Annual Data Report, Available online: https:\/\/usrds-adr.niddk.nih.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5359.122734","article-title":"The economic burden of hemodialysis in Jordan","volume":"67","author":"Manaf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hang, X., Ma, J., Wei, Y., Wang, Y., Zang, X., Xie, P., Zhang, L., and Zhao, L. (2025). Renal microcirculation and mechanisms in diabetic kidney disease. Front. Endocrinol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1580608"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"99","article-title":"Testing for kidney disease in type 2 diabetes: Consensus statement and recommendations","volume":"22","author":"Winocour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"751","article-title":"Diabetic Kidney Disease: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention","volume":"99","author":"McGrath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"104","article-title":"Early Detection of Diabetic Nephropathy Based on Urinary and Serum Biomarkers: An Updated Systematic Review","volume":"13","author":"Karimi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2024.08.026","article-title":"Triglyceride glucose (TyG) index: A promising biomarker for diagnosis and treatment of different diseases","volume":"131","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3225","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-024-08809-4","article-title":"Triglyceride-Glucose Index Associated with Future Renal Function Decline in the General Population","volume":"39","author":"Yoshida","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S318255","article-title":"Relationship Between the TyG Index and Diabetic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"14","author":"Lv","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., and Wang, Y. (2024). Associations of the TyG index with albuminuria and chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312374"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.06.006","article-title":"The role of triglyceride glucose index in development of Type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"143","author":"Low","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2024). 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes\u20142025. Diabetes Care, 48, S27\u2013S49.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-S002"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1992.126","article-title":"Increased glomerular filtration rate as a predictor of diabetic nephropathy--an 8-year prospective study","volume":"41","author":"Rudberg","year":"1992","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"41","article-title":"Insulin Resistance in Kidney Disease: Is There a Distinct Role Separate from That of Diabetes or Obesity?","volume":"8","author":"Sowers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiorenal Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jha, R., Lopez-Trevino, S., Kankanamalage, H.R., and Jha, J.C. (2024). Diabetes and Renal Complications: An Overview on Pathophysiology, Biomarkers and Therapeutic Interventions. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12051098"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282675","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1282675","article-title":"Diagnostic efficacy of the triglyceride-glucose index in the prediction of contrast-induced nephropathy following percutaneous coronary intervention","volume":"14","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7013","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S542938","article-title":"Sex- and Age-Specific Associations of Triglyceride-Glucose Index with Impaired Renal Function: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000001403","article-title":"Lipid profile differences during menopause: A review with meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Ambikairajah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2014.06.008","article-title":"Circulating leptin, resistin, adiponectin, visfatin, adipsin and ghrelin levels and insulin resistance in postmenopausal women with and without the metabolic syndrome","volume":"79","author":"Chedraui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2024.2271","article-title":"The Triglyceride-Glucose Index and Risk of End-Stage Renal Disease across Different Durations of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Longitudinal Cohort Study","volume":"40","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Y.M., Chen, W.J., Deng, Z.L., Shang, Z., and Wang, Y. (2023). Association between triglyceride-glucose index and risk of end-stage renal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1150980"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Chen, G., Sun, D., and Ma, Y. (2024). The threshold effect of triglyceride glucose index on diabetic kidney disease risk in patients with type 2 diabetes: Unveiling a non-linear association. Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1411486"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tam, A.A., Altay, F.P., Demir, P., Ozdemir, D., Topaloglu, O., Ersoy, R., and Cak\u0131r, B. (2024). The Association Between Diabetic Nephropathy and Triglyceride\/Glucose Index and Triglyceride\/High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13226954"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21001","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77970-7","article-title":"Characterizing the type 2 diabetes mellitus epidemic in Jordan up to 2050","volume":"10","author":"Awad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02944-w","article-title":"Association of the triglyceride-glucose index and its combination with obesity indices with cardio-renal-metabolic multimorbidity: Two decades of follow-up in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study","volume":"24","author":"Soraneh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/16\/2\/345\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T13:22:50Z","timestamp":1771334570000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/16\/2\/345"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["life16020345"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life16020345","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]}}}