{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T15:07:28Z","timestamp":1786460848432,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007540","name":"Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CX(21)3130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX(21)3130"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007540","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spermine (Spe) plays a critical role in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier and promoting intestinal development. However, the therapeutic role of Spe on ulcerative colitis (UC) remains unclear. This study aims to research the impact and mechanism of Spe on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. Twenty-eight C57BL\/6 mice were orally administered Spe before and during DSS treatment to evaluate its protective effects. Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) were used to construct an in vitro UC model in IEC-6 cells. The study indicates that Spe treatment upregulated the expression of tight junction protein occludin and inhibited NLRP3 mediated inflammatory response by downregulating the levels of NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-18 and TNF-\u03b1 in the colon of DSS-treated mice. In addition, Spe enhanced mitophagy in colitis mice by increasing expressions of mitophagy factors (PINK1, Parkin, LC3-II) in DSS-treated mice. PINK1-mediated mitophagy helps alleviate LPS-induced mitochondrial damage in IEC-6 cells. Furthermore, Spe regulates the gut microbiota composition in mice with colitis by increasing the abundance of unclassified Muribaculaceae, reducing the levels of Firmicutes and Blautia, and lowering the Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes ratio. In conclusion, spermine exhibited treatment efficacy on DSS-induced colitis by inhibiting NLRP3-mediated inflammatory response, promoting mitophagy and improving intestinal microbial dysbiosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16030417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T15:01:07Z","timestamp":1772636467000},"page":"417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Spermine Ameliorates DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice by Improving Mitophagy and Intestinal Microbiota"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6106-5991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ran","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Animal Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yamei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China"},{"name":"GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yating","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China"},{"name":"GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saisai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China"},{"name":"GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China"},{"name":"GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jichun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China"},{"name":"GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7360-4425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengmin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Animal Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanjian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China"},{"name":"GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.150","article-title":"The global burden of ibd: From 2015 to 2025","volume":"12","author":"Kaplan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. 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