{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T02:02:53Z","timestamp":1782957773669,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Coleman Fung Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Motor recovery after stroke, spinal cord injury, or traumatic brain injury reflects relearning rather than simple restitution, as surviving circuits retain plastic potential that can be re-engaged through temporally precise stimulation. This review synthesizes convergent findings demonstrating that Hebbian and spike-timing-dependent mechanisms govern reorganization across cortical, striatal, and spinal levels. Leveraging these timing rules to shape excitability during receptive network states enables durable changes in connectivity and behavior. This effect depends on temporal precision, physiological state, and reinforcement\u2014not stimulus intensity alone\u2014within plasticity windows regulated by metaplastic mechanisms that determine whether Hebbian processes are expressed. Together, these principles define a translational framework for neurorehabilitation, emphasizing biomarker-guided, adaptive, and scalable strategies aligned with intrinsic rules of experience-dependent reorganization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16030506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T11:50:36Z","timestamp":1773921036000},"page":"506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Reopening Motor Learning Windows: Targeted Re-Engagement of Latent Pathways via Non-Invasive Neuromodulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5377-8356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Mac-Auliffe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Perceptual Systems, Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7408-461X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akhil","family":"Surapaneni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chandra Family Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5819-1522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 del R.","family":"Mill\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chandra Family Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e84716","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.84716","article-title":"Against cortical reorganisation","volume":"12","author":"Makin","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Statsenko, Y., Kuznetsov, N.V., and Ljubisaljevich, M. 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