{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:23:31Z","timestamp":1785425011428,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05adj5455","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Retinoblastoma (Rb) is the most common intraocular malignancy. If left untreated, Rb can result in death within 1\u20132 years. However, with timely detection and proper treatment, the survival rate is as high as 98%. The primary goal of Rb treatment is to eliminate cancer and save the patient\u2019s life, while the second goal includes preserving the eye and vision. Management of Rb requires timely detection, differentiation of the tumor from similar conditions, staging, making informed decisions about the best therapeutic approach, and close follow-up to detect any signs of tumor recurrence. There are several treatment options available for Rb. Early detection and proper treatment are essential in saving the lives and vision of children affected by Rb. Progress in developing efficient diagnostic and therapeutic techniques brings hope to patients with Rb and their families. The PubMed database was utilized to identify relevant references published during the last 35 years. This article shows basic and current concepts on managing Rb, which encompasses diagnosis, evaluation, treatment, follow-up, and challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16040572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T14:09:54Z","timestamp":1775138994000},"page":"572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Management of Retinoblastoma: A Challenge in Pediatric Ophthalmology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Claudia Carolina","family":"Cruz-G\u00e1lvez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Department, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44348, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor Manuel","family":"Villar-Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Ophthalmology, San Javier Hospital, Guadalajara 44670, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Ordaz-Favila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Ophthalmology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha Edith","family":"Cancino-Marentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master of Public Health, Academic Unit of Medicine, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nayarit, Tepic 63000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ximena","family":"Garc\u00eda-Vicera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Oncology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2004-7899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tannia Isabel","family":"Campos-Bayardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Department, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44348, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Bosch-Canto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Ophthalmology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.07.025","article-title":"Retinoblastoma. fifty years of progress. the LXXI Edward Jackson memorial lecture","volume":"158","author":"Grossniklaus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. 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