{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:21:52Z","timestamp":1785424912572,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cRicerca Corrente\u201d funding scheme of the Ministry of Health, Italy"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00789fa95","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Arterial stiffness has traditionally been interpreted as a marker of vascular ageing and cumulative blood pressure exposure. Increasing evidence, however, indicates that it should be viewed as an active determinant of cardiovascular loading conditions rather than a passive epiphenomenon. By accelerating pulse wave velocity and altering the timing of wave reflection, large artery stiffening increases central systolic pressure, augments late systolic load, and facilitates the transmission of pulsatile energy to the microcirculation. These hemodynamic alterations shape ventricular remodeling, influence ventricular\u2013vascular coupling, and contribute to organ vulnerability even when brachial blood pressure appears adequately controlled. In this review, population-based observations and mechanistic human studies are integrated to position arterial stiffness as a stage-dependent dimension of cardiovascular disease. Community data illustrate its association with different blood pressure phenotypes and early cardiac structural changes, whereas evidence from advanced heart failure settings helps contextualize arterial stiffness within states of marked autonomic activation. Taken together, this perspective suggests that arterial stiffness is not merely a marker of cumulative damage, but a mediator that contributes to disease progression across clinical stages and, in practical terms, a phenotyping dimension along the trajectory from hypertension to heart failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16040682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T11:35:42Z","timestamp":1776339342000},"page":"682","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond Blood Pressure: Arterial Stiffness as a Hemodynamic and Neuroadrenergic Axis Linking Hypertension, Cardiac Remodeling, and Heart Failure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9398-0428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Ambrosino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Scientific Directorate of Telese Terme Institute, 82037 Telese Terme, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7689-478X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesare","family":"Cuspidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Milano-Bicocca University, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5888-8781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Candia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pulmonary Rehabilitation Unit of Telese Terme Institute, 82037 Telese Terme, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4680-3058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Basile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"ANMCO Research Center, Heart Care Foundation, 50121 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6751-9921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Maniscalco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pulmonary Rehabilitation Unit of Telese Terme Institute, 82037 Telese Terme, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Grassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Milano-Bicocca University, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.318061","article-title":"Arterial Stiffness and Cardiovascular Risk in Hypertension","volume":"128","author":"Boutouyrie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. 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