{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T21:51:51Z","timestamp":1777758711698,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Gaucher disease (GD) arises from pathogenic variants in the GBA1 gene and is known for its wide range of clinical presentations\u2014a variability that genotype alone cannot adequately account for. Objective: This study aimed to explore transcriptomic factors that might help explain why two genetically identical twins with type 1 GD developed noticeably different clinical outcomes. Methods: We isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from both twins and two age-matched controls, then differentiated them into macrophages in vitro before conducting RNA sequencing. Gene expression differences were analyzed using established bioinformatics pipelines, and a subset of genes were subsequently assessed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) to confirm the sequencing findings. Results: Both twins shared a GD-associated transcriptional signature broadly reflecting immune activation and lysosomal stress. Interestingly, the twin who experienced systemic complications had a relative enrichment of interferon-responsive transcripts, while the less severely affected twin showed more pronounced suppression of small nucleolar RNA clusters. That said, neither difference held up after correcting for multiple comparisons, so these patterns are best viewed as exploratory trends rather than definitive findings. The qRT-PCR results lend partial support to this picture: stress- and immune-related genes (DDIT4, RPH3A, SAMSN1) trended toward higher expression in patients versus controls, and interferon-stimulated genes (ISG15, RSAD2, IFI44L) were more elevated in M2 than in M1. Conclusions: Taken together, these findings suggest that factors beyond genetics\u2014whether epigenetic, environmental, or otherwise\u2014may play a meaningful role in shaping how GD manifests differently even between individuals with identical DNA. Although the data are preliminary, they point to transcriptomic profiling, paired with targeted validation, as a useful starting point for building hypotheses about why this disease looks so different from one patient to the next, even when the underlying mutation is the same.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16050741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T12:31:56Z","timestamp":1777465916000},"page":"741","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transcriptomic Profiling of Monozygotic Twins with Type 1 Gaucher Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Asl\u0131","family":"\u0130nci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara 06500, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u00fcmeyye","family":"Aydo\u011fdu Demirel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara 06500, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filiz Ba\u015fak Cengiz","family":"Ergin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara 06500, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcrsel","family":"Bibero\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara 06500, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u0130lyas","family":"Okur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara 06500, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatih S\u00fcheyl","family":"Ezg\u00fc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara 06500, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leyla","family":"T\u00fcmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara 06500, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9882-2883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u0131dvan Murat","family":"\u00d6ktem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara 06500, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Serap","family":"D\u00f6kmeci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stirnemann, J., Belmatoug, N., Camou, F., Serratrice, C., Froissart, R., Caillaud, C., Levade, T., Astudillo, L., Serratrice, J., and Brassier, A. (2017). A Review of Gaucher Disease Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation and Treatments. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18020441"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.20117","article-title":"Perinatal-Lethal Gaucher Disease","volume":"120A","author":"Mignot","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. A"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3897","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12439-5","article-title":"Neurological Symptoms in Adults with Gaucher Disease: A Systematic Review","volume":"271","author":"Imbalzano","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.20114","article-title":"Gaucher Disease: State of the Art and Perspectives","volume":"298","author":"Camou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2017.06.003","article-title":"Skeletal Involvement in Type 1 Gaucher Disease: Not Just Bone Mineral Density","volume":"68","author":"Baldini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-010-0841-y","article-title":"An Overview on Bone Manifestations in Gaucher Disease","volume":"160","author":"Mikosch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wien. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meijon-Ortigueira, M.D.M., Solares, I., Mu\u00f1oz-Delgado, C., Stanescu, S., Morado, M., Pascual-Izquierdo, C., Blanco, L.V., Quintana, A.B., Men\u00e9ndez-Conde, C.P., and Morales-Conejo, M. (2024). Women with Gaucher Disease. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12030579"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2004.028019","article-title":"Divergent Phenotypes in Gaucher Disease Implicate the Role of Modifiers","volume":"42","author":"Hruska","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1086\/302925","article-title":"Analysis and Classification of 304 Mutant Alleles in Patients with Type 1 and Type 3 Gaucher Disease","volume":"66","author":"Koprivica","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2010.10.007","article-title":"A Monozygotic Twin Pair with Highly Discordant Gaucher Phenotypes","volume":"46","author":"Biegstraaten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hch036","article-title":"Twin Pairs Showing Discordance of Phenotype in Adult Gaucher\u2019s Disease","volume":"97","author":"Lachmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2021.02.003","article-title":"Ambroxol Increases Glucocerebrosidase Activity and Restores GCase Translocation in Primary Patient-Derived Macrophages in Gaucher Disease and Parkinsonism","volume":"84","author":"Kopytova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1134\/S1990519X19020081","article-title":"Human Peripheral Blood Macrophages as a Model for Studying Glucocerebrosidase Dysfunction","volume":"13","author":"Nikolaev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L., Zhang, Y.H., Wang, S., Zhang, Y., Huang, T., and Cai, Y.D. (2017). Prediction and analysis of essential genes using the enrichments of gene ontology and KEGG pathways. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184129"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","article-title":"Trimmomatic: A Flexible Trimmer for Illumina Sequence Data","volume":"30","author":"Bolger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp616","article-title":"edgeR: A Bioconductor Package for Differential Expression Analysis of Digital Gene Expression Data","volume":"26","author":"Robinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btl140","article-title":"Improved scoring of functional groups from gene expression data by decorrelating GO graph structure","volume":"22","author":"Alexa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2011.0118","article-title":"clusterProfiler: An R Package for Comparing Biological Themes Among Gene Clusters","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"OMICS"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dasgupta, N., Xu, Y.H., Oh, S., Sun, Y., Jia, L., Keddache, M., and Grabowski, G.A. (2013). Gaucher Disease: Transcriptome Analyses Using Microarray or mRNA Sequencing in a Gba1 Mutant Mouse Model Treated with Velaglucerase Alfa or Imiglucerase. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074912"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2016.10.015","article-title":"Enzyme Replacement Therapy Reverses B Lymphocyte and Dendritic Cell Dysregulations in Patients with Gaucher Disease","volume":"68","author":"Limgala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12409","article-title":"Lysosomal Storage and Impaired Autophagy Lead to Inflammasome Activation in Gaucher Macrophages","volume":"15","author":"Aflaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aging Cell."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y.H., Jia, L., Quinn, B., Zamzow, M., Stringer, K., Aronow, B., Sun, Y., Zhang, W., Setchell, K.D., and Grabowski, G.A. (2011). Global Gene Expression Profile Progression in Gaucher Disease Mouse Models. BMC Genom., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-12-20"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01056-3","article-title":"The Stress-Responsive Protein REDD1 and Its Pathophysiological Functions","volume":"55","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11654","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4527-15.2016","article-title":"A Drosophila Model of Neuronopathic Gaucher Disease Demonstrates Lysosomal-Autophagic Defects and Altered mTOR Signalling and Is Functionally Rescued by Rapamycin","volume":"36","author":"Kinghorn","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi24-0013","article-title":"REDD1 Is a Promising Therapeutic Target to Combat the Development of Diabetes Complications","volume":"73","author":"Sunilkumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372997","DOI":"10.1080\/27694127.2024.2372997","article-title":"Autophagic dysregulation triggers innate immune activation in glucocerebrosidase deficiency","volume":"3","author":"Atilano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autophagy Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.20-0386","article-title":"Elevated glucosylsphingosine in Gaucher disease induced pluripotent stem cell neurons deregulates lysosomal compartment through mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1","volume":"10","author":"Srikanth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.4.11.2139","article-title":"Growth Control under Stress: mTOR Regulation through the REDD1\u2013TSC Pathway","volume":"4","author":"Ellisen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell. Cycle"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2023.13068","article-title":"Resveratrol Improves Palmitic Acid-Induced Insulin Resistance via the DDIT4\/mTOR Pathway in C2C12 Cells","volume":"28","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9637-9","article-title":"Effects of DDIT4 in Methamphetamine-Induced Autophagy and Apoptosis in Dopaminergic Neurons","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1002\/mgg3.370","article-title":"Presynaptic congenital myasthenic syndrome with altered synaptic vesicle homeostasis linked to compound heterozygous sequence variants in RPH3A","volume":"6","author":"Maselli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Genom. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"5343","article-title":"Structural characterization of the Rabphilin-3A-SNAP25 interaction","volume":"114","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20031816","article-title":"The SH3-SAM Adaptor HACS1 Is Up-Regulated in B Cell Activation Signaling Cascades","volume":"200","author":"Zhu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003606","article-title":"SAMSN1 Causes Sepsis Immunosuppression by Inducing Macrophages to Express Coinhibitory Molecules That Cause T-Cell Exhaustion via KEAP1\u2013NRF2 Signaling","volume":"138","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0570-2","article-title":"Induction of the Type I Interferon Response in Neurological Forms of Gaucher Disease","volume":"13","author":"Vitner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18405-8","article-title":"Alterations in the Properties of the Cell Membrane Due to Glycosphingolipid Accumulation in a Model of Gaucher Disease","volume":"8","author":"Batta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21368","article-title":"Complement Drives Glucosylceramide Accumulation and Tissue Inflammation in Gaucher Disease","volume":"543","author":"Pandey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-020-01020-6","article-title":"Innate Immune Response in Neuronopathic Forms of Gaucher Disease Confers Resistance against Viral-Induced Encephalitis","volume":"8","author":"Melamed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4564","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00146-10","article-title":"The Type I Interferon Signaling Pathway Is a Target for Glucocorticoid Inhibition","volume":"30","author":"Flammer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1007\/s00393-017-0274-8","article-title":"Interferon-Stimulated Gene 15 Expression in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Diagnostic Value and Association with Lymphocytopenia","volume":"77","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Z. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, L., Zhan, F., and Lin, S. (2022). Clinical Values of the Identified Hub Genes in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.844025"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, M., Duan, C., Xie, C., Wang, H., Li, Z., Li, B., and Wang, T. (2022). Identification of Key Interferon-Stimulated Genes for Indicating the Condition of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.962393"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06086-3","article-title":"Glucocorticoids inhibit type I IFN beta signaling and the upregulation of CD73 in human lung","volume":"46","author":"Jalkanen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"486","article-title":"Identification of Protein Binding Sites on U3 snoRNA and Pre-rRNA by UV Cross-Linking","volume":"18","author":"Dieci","year":"2021","journal-title":"RNA Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e194","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gni185","article-title":"A Novel Experimental Approach for Systematic Identification of Box H\/ACA snoRNAs from Eukaryotes","volume":"33","author":"Gu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz1140","article-title":"Functional Diversity of Small Nucleolar RNAs","volume":"48","author":"Rogelj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3250","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-58664-y","article-title":"A Bifunctional snoRNA with Separable Activities in Guiding rRNA 2\u2032-O-Methylation and Scaffolding Gametogenesis Effectors","volume":"16","author":"Leroy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-025-02274-0","article-title":"Unlocking the Life Code: A Review of SnoRNA Functional Diversity and Disease Relevance","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2510035","DOI":"10.1080\/15384047.2025.2510035","article-title":"Suppression of Pseudogene MT2P1 Transcription Induced by E2F7 Inhibits Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Proliferation and Facilitates Apoptosis via Preserving Its Parental Gene","volume":"26","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09144","article-title":"A Coding-Independent Function of Gene and Pseudogene mRNAs Regulates Tumour Biology","volume":"465","author":"Poliseno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12952","article-title":"Pseudogenes Regulate Parental Gene Expression via ceRNA Network","volume":"21","author":"An","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Epigenetic Variability in Gaucher Disease Twins: Different Clinical Manifestations with Identical Genotypes","volume":"56","author":"Alvarez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1732","article-title":"Gaucher iPSC-Derived Macrophages Produce Elevated Levels of Inflammatory Mediators and Serve as a New Platform for Therapeutic Development","volume":"32","author":"Panicker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240ra73","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008659","article-title":"Macrophage models of Gaucher disease for evaluating disease pathogenesis and candidate drugs","volume":"6","author":"Aflaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"101274","article-title":"Transcriptomic Signatures in Gaucher Disease Subtypes: A Systems Biology Perspective","volume":"45","author":"Elahimanesh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab. Rep."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/16\/5\/741\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T13:12:17Z","timestamp":1777468337000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/16\/5\/741"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["life16050741"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life16050741","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]}}}