{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T06:04:57Z","timestamp":1779689097176,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rationale and objectives: Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) significantly affects visual function, especially convergence and eye movements, impacting tasks such as reading. The objective was to investigate preliminarily the impact of the use of digital visual training in PD patients with associated convergence insufficiency (CI). Materials and methods: Pre\u2013post pseudo-experimental pilot study to evaluate the impact of a novel digital therapy system (video game for use on a mobile phone or tablet) in 13 patients with PD and CI, with a mean age of 67 years. A comprehensive visual assessment was performed before and after a 6-week home-based visual rehabilitation, including measurement of near point of convergence (NPC), near positive fusional vergence (PFV), oculomotor tests (NSUCO and King-Devick tests), and symptom assessments with two validated questionnaires (CISS and SQVD). Results: Treatment adherence was variable, ranging from 0.8% to 124.7%. Despite this, significant improvements were found after therapy in break (p = 0.022) and recovery points of the NPC (p = 0.007), as well as break (p = 0.003) and recovery points in near PFV (p &lt; 0.001). In the NSUCO test, the total score improved significantly from 23.9 \u00b1 4.2 to 26.2 \u00b1 3.7 after therapy (p = 0.003). Furthermore, a significant reduction in the total King-Devick test time was observed, decreasing from 79.4 \u00b1 28.8 s to 69.0 \u00b1 21.5 s with therapy (p = 0.034). Finally, symptom questionnaire scores also decreased significantly with therapy (CISS p = 0.037, SQVD p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: The digital vision therapy system evaluated seems to improve oculomotor control and reduce visual symptoms associated with CI in PD patients. Studies with larger sample sizes and a control group are needed to fully validate the therapeutic effectiveness of this tool.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16050825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T05:33:54Z","timestamp":1779687234000},"page":"825","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of the Impact of a Novel Visual Training Video Game on Oculomotor Function and Visual Symptoms in Subjects with Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Convergence Insufficiency: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1546-4807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David P.","family":"Pi\u00f1ero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, 03690 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Vithas Medimar International Hospital, 03016 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"P\u00e9rez-Casas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, 03690 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alba","family":"Pina-Balofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visitrain S.L., Science Park, University of Alicante, 03005 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4146-2687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Bilbao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2144-6090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Cavaliere-Ballesta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visitrain S.L., Science Park, University of Alicante, 03005 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4882-6859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurent","family":"Bataille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visitrain S.L., Science Park, University of Alicante, 03005 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael J.","family":"P\u00e9rez-Cambrod\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, 03690 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2019.11.002","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: From bench to bedside","volume":"176","author":"Draoui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. 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