{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T08:03:08Z","timestamp":1779696188694,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":329,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pancreas is an organ with two functions: endocrine and exocrine. The proper functioning of the pancreas depends on many factors. One of these is trace elements\u2014precise control of trace element homeostasis is important for both the endocrine and exocrine parts. This review provides a comprehensive summary of current knowledge regarding the role of trace elements: iron (Fe), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), iodine (I), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), silver (Ag), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and selenium (Se) in pancreatic physiology and their influence on the pathogenesis of key diseases of this organ, such as diabetes (DM), acute (AP) and chronic pancreatitis (CP), autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP), and pancreatic cancer (PC). Trace elements, including Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, and Mn, play a fundamental role in maintaining endocrine and exocrine homeostasis, participating in insulin synthesis, stabilizing digestive enzymes, and the functioning of antioxidant systems. It has been demonstrated that disturbances in their concentrations lead to the activation of pathological molecular pathways, including oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and beta-cell apoptosis. In the context of diabetes, excess Fe promotes ferroptosis, whilst exposure to heavy metals such as Cd, Pb, and Hg induces insulin resistance and pancreatic islet dysfunction. In the course of pancreatitis, elements such as Zn and Se exhibit protective potential by stabilizing tissue barriers, whereas toxic metals impair ion transport, exacerbating fibrotic processes. Furthermore, analysis of available data indicates a significant association between heavy metal accumulation and pancreatic carcinogenesis, driven by DNA damage and oncogene modulation. Understanding pancreatic metallomics opens new prospects for early diagnosis, environmental prevention, and the development of targeted therapeutic strategies that restore the body\u2019s micronutrient balance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16050864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T06:42:18Z","timestamp":1779691338000},"page":"864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trace Elements in the Pancreas: From Physiological Homeostasis to the Pathogenesis of Diabetes, Pancreatitis, and Cancer\u2014A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4604-6330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Bryli\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Doctoral School, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chod\u017aki 7, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5140-0990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Bryli\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chod\u017aki 7, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8187-7394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta","family":"Sado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Correct, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kacper","family":"Kra\u015bnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Society of Correct, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7000-0029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mi\u0142osz","family":"Smyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Society of Correct, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. 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