{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T09:05:12Z","timestamp":1779959112929,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The role of bacterial infection in canine extrahepatic biliary disease remains inconsistently characterized. This retrospective case series evaluated associations between ultrasonographic gallbladder findings and bile culture results in dogs. Materials and Methods: Sixty-seven dogs were screened between March 2024 and December 2025, of which 49 met inclusion criteria (clinical, biochemical, and ultrasonographic evidence of gallbladder disease) and underwent bile sampling by ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis (n = 45) or intraoperative collection (n = 4). Samples were cultured aerobically and anaerobically; isolates identified by MALDI-TOF MS were further tested for in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility using Kirby\u2013Bauer disk diffusion method. Results: Among the 49 included dogs, ultrasonography identified cholecystitis (75.5%), cholelithiasis (16.3%), and biliary mucocele (8.2%). Bile cultures were positive in 43\/49 dogs (87.8%), yielding only aerobic bacteria. Escherichia coli (46.5%) and coagulase-positive Staphylococci (30.2%) were most frequently isolated organisms. However, these findings should be interpreted cautiously due to small subgroup sizes and the exploratory nature of the analysis. Conclusions: In this selected referral population, bacterial isolates were frequently recovered from bile samples, particularly in dogs with cholecystitis. Prospective studies involving larger populations are warranted to confirm these results, define the bacterial prevalence and clinical significance of bacterial colonization or infection, and further refine evidence-based diagnostic and treatment strategies for dogs with extrahepatic biliary disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16060904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T08:00:36Z","timestamp":1779955236000},"page":"904","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ultrasonographic Gallbladder Findings and Bile Culture Results in Dogs with Extrahepatic Biliary Disorders: A Retrospective Exploratory Case Series"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Andrei R\u0103zvan","family":"Codea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea M\u0103n\u0103\u0219tur 3\u20135, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2760-749X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Biri\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea M\u0103n\u0103\u0219tur 3\u20135, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4181-0259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihaela","family":"Niculae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea M\u0103n\u0103\u0219tur 3\u20135, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romeo","family":"Popa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Petru Rare\u0219 2\u20134, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7867-3887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela Mihaela","family":"Neagu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea M\u0103n\u0103\u0219tur 3\u20135, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3661-5982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Popovici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea M\u0103n\u0103\u0219tur 3\u20135, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radu","family":"L\u0103c\u0103tu\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea M\u0103n\u0103\u0219tur 3\u20135, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0726-563X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mircea","family":"Mircean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea M\u0103n\u0103\u0219tur 3\u20135, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.231.1.79","article-title":"Gallbladder disease in Shetland Sheepdogs: 38 cases (1995\u20132005)","volume":"231","author":"Aguirre","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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