{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T05:01:35Z","timestamp":1780549295812,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite advances in septic shock management, optimal vasopressor strategies remain understudied. Norepinephrine (NE) is recommended as the first-line vasopressor for restoring arterial pressure; however, excessive catecholamine exposure has been associated with adverse events, including arrhythmias, ischemia, and poor clinical outcomes. While the early initiation of NE is increasingly recognized as important, uncertainty persists regarding the optimal starting dose and escalation strategy. In septic shock, particularly refractory septic shock, reduced vascular responsiveness may limit the effectiveness of escalating NE doses and increase the risk of dose-related complications. Vasopressin (AVP), a non-adrenergic vasopressor, provides complementary mechanisms to NE and may reduce catecholamine requirements. Randomized trials have not consistently demonstrated a survival benefit; AVP may improve hemodynamic stability and renal perfusion. Emerging evidence suggests the potential advantages of earlier AVP initiation at lower NE doses than those currently recommended. Collectively, the current evidence supports a strategy that prioritizes early and adequately dosed NE to achieve rapid hemodynamic stabilization, followed by the timely initiation of AVP once moderate NE requirements are reached, rather than the continued escalation of NE alone. Such an integrated approach may help balance efficacy and safety, and minimize catecholamine-related harm while optimizing perfusion in septic shock cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16060913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T03:37:29Z","timestamp":1780544249000},"page":"913","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimizing Timing and Dose of Starting Norepinephrine and Vasopressin in Septic Shock"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Gaku","family":"Hiroto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2342-7245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitsuaki","family":"Nishikimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuaki","family":"Shime","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1208623","article-title":"Severe sepsis and septic shock","volume":"369","author":"Angus","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. 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