{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:01:47Z","timestamp":1785402107397,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Faisal University","award":["KFU 262850"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFU 262850"]}]},{"award":["KFU 262850"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFU 262850"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00dn43547","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hantaviruses (HTVs) are lethal zoonotic pathogens responsible for hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and HTV cardiopulmonary syndrome; however, no specific antiviral treatments or vaccines have been approved. Bee products, such as propolis, honey, royal jelly, bee venom, and bee pollen, demonstrate extensive antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties against various RNA and DNA viruses. No published research has directly evaluated bee products in relation to HTV infection. This review proposes a hypothesis-driven mechanistic framework suggesting that bioactive compounds from bee products may concurrently inhibit HTV replication, alleviate the cytokine storm, diminish oxidative stress, and maintain endothelial barrier integrity. We explicitly recognize the lack of direct experimental evidence regarding bee products\u2019 efficacy against HTVs. Considering the mechanistic similarities with other enveloped viral infections and the recognized functions of NF-\u03baB, Nrf2, and endothelial signaling pathways in HTV pathogenesis, we present a scientifically substantiated rationale for forthcoming research endeavors. The diverse bioactive compounds present in bee products including bee pollen, bee venom, honey, propolis, and royal jelly could provide a multifaceted strategy for inhibiting HTV pathology. We propose systematic in vitro, in silico, and in vivo investigations to assess the potential of bee-derived flavonoids, peptides, and fatty acids as adjunctive therapeutic strategies for HTV disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16060995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T02:10:16Z","timestamp":1781748616000},"page":"995","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Potential Effects of Bee Products Against Hantavirus Infection: Potential Mechanisms of Action and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3259-0415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saad N.","family":"Al-Kahtani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Protection Science Program, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8291-2284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Rawwash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2145-6273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amal","family":"Semmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology, Environment and Health Laboratory, Saad Dahleb University-Blida 1, Blida 09000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahar","family":"Gaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Honey Bee Research Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12611, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabil M.","family":"Elwakeil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Protection Science Program, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El-Kazafy A.","family":"Taha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economic Entomology, College of Agriculture, Kafrelsheik University, Kafrelsheik 33516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.13403","article-title":"Hantavirus diseases pathophysiology, their diagnostic strategies and therapeutic approaches: A review","volume":"48","author":"Munir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. 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