{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T07:47:28Z","timestamp":1782200848712,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lateral epicondylitis (LE), commonly referred to as tennis elbow, remains a frequent cause of lateral elbow pain, yet its optimal management and risk profile are still debated. Therefore, this review aimed to summarize current evidence on its definition, diagnosis, and treatment while addressing common misconceptions. A non-systematic review of major medical databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar, was conducted using predefined inclusion criteria to identify relevant review articles. The analyzed literature highlights that LE is primarily diagnosed clinically and managed through a spectrum of conservative and interventional approaches. Evidence suggests that structured physiotherapy and load modification remain the cornerstones of treatment, while modalities such as platelet-rich plasma and autologous blood injections may offer longer-term benefits compared with corticosteroids, which are effective mainly for short-term symptom relief. In contrast, interventions such as acupuncture and shock wave therapy show limited or inconsistent efficacy. Identified risk factors include female sex, smoking history, repetitive or forceful manual work, and higher cardiovascular risk burden. Overall, conservative management should be the first-line approach, with biologic therapies considered in refractory cases and surgery reserved as a last option; however, further high-quality randomized controlled trials are required to establish optimal treatment algorithms and clarify long-term outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16071043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T06:13:37Z","timestamp":1782195217000},"page":"1043","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Literature Review of Lateral Epicondylitis: Diagnosis, Risk Factors, Management and Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1944-9734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia","family":"Biedro\u0144","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Applied Sciences in Tarnow, 33-100 Tarn\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7336-5403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Pitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Applied Sciences in Tarnow, 33-100 Tarn\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8421-4120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Chmura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Applied Sciences in Tarnow, 33-100 Tarn\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miko\u0142aj","family":"Zieli\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Applied Sciences in Tarnow, 33-100 Tarn\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6109-453X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Fibiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, 31-034 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"ARTROMED Orthopedic and Rehabilitation Center, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawid","family":"Plutecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7558-4763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Dubrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamil","family":"Mo\u017cd\u017ce\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, 31-034 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8587-2315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerzy A.","family":"Walocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, 31-034 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Fibiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARTROMED Orthopedic and Rehabilitation Center, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Physiotherapy, Institute of Health, University of Applied Sciences in Nowy Targ, 34-400 Nowy Targ, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Kozio\u0142","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199902000-00014","article-title":"Current Concepts Review-Tendinosis of the Elbow (Tennis Elbow). 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