{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T17:52:10Z","timestamp":1782237130359,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The click-evoked Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) is the gold standard electrophysiological tool for assessing auditory pathway integrity in infants and young children. As normative data are inherently equipment-specific, the absence of pediatric reference values for the NeuroAudio system (Neurosoft, Ivanovo, Russia) represents a significant gap in clinical practice, given that existing normative datasets for this system are restricted to adult populations. Objective: To establish normative data for click ABR recorded with the NeuroAudio system in children under three years of age, stratified by age group according to auditory maturation patterns. Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted at the Electrophysiology Laboratory of the Department of Speech Therapy, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP\/EPM), under the approval of the Research Ethics Committee (protocol 7.939.564). A total of 203 children (121 males, 82 females; age range: 2 weeks to 36 months) with confirmed normal peripheral auditory function were included. Click stimuli (0.1 ms, rarefaction polarity) were delivered monaurally via ER-3A insert earphones at 80 dB nHL and a repetition rate of 19.3\/s. Two average runs of 2000 artifact-free sweeps were recorded per ear. Absolute latencies of waves I, III, and V, interpeak intervals I\u2013III, III\u2013V, and I\u2013V, and amplitudes of waves I and V were analyzed. Results: Statistical modeling supported the consolidation of 12 initial age bins into three clinically and statistically validated categories: 0\u20133, 4\u201312, and 13\u201336 months. Wave I latency remained stable across age groups, whereas waves III and V and all interpeak intervals showed progressive shortening with increasing age. Wave V amplitude increased progressively with age, while wave I amplitude remained unchanged. Females presented shorter latencies than males for waves III and V and for all interpeak intervals. The right ear exhibited a shorter III\u2013V interpeak interval than the left ear, with a significant ear \u00d7 age interaction indicating that this asymmetry is modulated during early maturation. Age, sex, and ear-stratified normative values (two SD and three SD reference limits) are reported. Conclusion: This study provides the first pediatric normative dataset for click-evoked ABR acquired with the NeuroAudio system in children under three years of age. The proposed three age stratifications, together with sex- and ear-specific reference values for the III\u2013V interpeak interval, offer a clinically actionable framework for the accurate interpretation of pediatric ABR recordings and for the early identification of auditory pathway abnormalities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16071044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T17:11:49Z","timestamp":1782234709000},"page":"1044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Auditory Brainstem Response Recorded with the NeuroAudio System in Children Under 3 Years of Age"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3647-3999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milaine Dominici","family":"Sanfins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech-Hearing-Language, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04044-02, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Teleaudiology and Screening, World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, 05-830 Kajetany, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego Louren\u00e7o dos Santos","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech-Hearing-Language, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04044-02, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6383-1838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rhayane Vit\u00f3ria","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech-Hearing-Language, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04044-02, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"Czaplicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Institute of Sensory Organs, 05-830 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4978-1915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr Henryk","family":"Skarzynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Teleaudiology and Screening, World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, 05-830 Kajetany, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Institute of Sensory Organs, 05-830 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Northern, J.L., and Downs, M.P. (2014). Hearing in Children, Plural Publishing. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1976.00780150082006","article-title":"The cross-check principle in pediatric audiometry","volume":"102","author":"Jerger","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.7874\/jao.2016.20.2.59","article-title":"Crosscheck principle in pediatric audiology today: A 40-year perspective","volume":"20","author":"Hall","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Audiol. Otol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) (2026, May 08). Guidelines for the Audiologic Assessment of Children from Birth to 5 Years of Age. Available online: https:\/\/www.asha.org\/policy."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Singh, R., and Vates, E. (2026, May 08). Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response Test, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK597358\/."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Hall, J.W. (2015). eHandbook of Auditory Evoked Responses, Kindle Direct Publishing."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"74","article-title":"Threshold estimation by the tone-evoked auditory brainstem response: A literature meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Stapells","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Pathol. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Sanfins, M.D., Andrade, A.N., Skarzynski, P.H., Matas, C.G., and Colella-Santos, M.F. (2023). Use of auditory brainstem potentials to measure auditory thresholds: Type of stimulus and use of sedation. Medincus, 9."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3109\/14992020309101316","article-title":"Human auditory steady-state responses","volume":"42","author":"Picton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Eggermont, J.J. (2015). Auditory brainstem response audiometry in neonates. Auditory Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical Aspects, Springer."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Jacobson, J.T. (1985). Neural generators of the auditory brainstem response. The Auditory Brainstem Response, College Hill."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Hall, J.W. (2015). New Handbook of Auditory Evoked Responses: Principles, Procedures, and Protocols, Plural Publishing. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Campbell, K.C. (2019). The auditory brainstem response. Pharmacology and Ototoxicity for Audiologists, Thieme. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3003.311","article-title":"Auditory brainstem responses from graduates of an intensive care nursery: Normal patterns of response","volume":"30","author":"Gorga","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Speech Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3202.281","article-title":"Auditory brainstem responses from children three months to three years of age: Normal patterns of response II","volume":"32","author":"Gorga","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Speech Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Dhar, S., and Hall, J.W. (2018). Otoacoustic Emissions: Principles, Procedures, and Protocols, Plural Publishing. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1970.04310040005002","article-title":"Clinical experience with impedance audiometry","volume":"92","author":"Jerger","year":"1970","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Katz, J. (2015). Tympanometry and wideband acoustic immittance. Handbook of Clinical Audiology, Wolters Kluwer. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"British Society of Audiology (BSA) (2025). Recommended Procedure: Tympanometry and Acoustic Reflex Thresholds [Internet], BSA. Available online: https:\/\/www.thebsa.org.uk\/bsa-recommend-procedure-update\/."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Sutton, G., Baldwin, M., Brooks, D., Gravel, J., and Thornton, R. (2002). Tympanometry in Neonates and Infants Under 4 Months: A Recommended Test Protocol [Internet], National Health Service (NHS) Newborn Hearing Screening Programme."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e3180dca1e5","article-title":"Evaluation of middle ear function in young children: Clinical guidelines for the use of 226- and 1000-Hz tympanometry","volume":"28","author":"Alaerts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1080\/14992020600690951","article-title":"Choice of probe tone and classification of trace patterns in tympanometry undertaken in early infancy","volume":"45","author":"Baldwin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/00206099109072866","article-title":"Developmental changes in multifrequency tympanograms","volume":"30","author":"Holte","year":"1991","journal-title":"Audiology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.14.1.4","article-title":"High-frequency (1000 Hz) tympanometry in normal neonates","volume":"14","author":"Kei","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Roeser, R.J., Valente, M., and Hosford-Dunn, H. (2000). Acoustic immittance measurements. Audiology Diagnosis, Thieme."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Joint Committee on Infant Hearing (2019). Year 2019 position statement: Principles and guidelines for early hearing detection and intervention programs. J. Early Hear. Detect. Interv., 4, 1\u201344."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"British Society of Audiology (BSA) (2023). Practice Guidance: Clinical Application of Otoacoustic Emissions [Internet], BSA. Available online: https:\/\/www.thebsa.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Practice-Guidance-Clinical-Application-of-Otoacoustic-Emissions-June-2025.pdf."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"357","article-title":"Newborn hearing screening: Early ear examination improves the pass rate of otoacoustic emissions","volume":"28","author":"Schwarz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Audiol. Neurootol."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(1994). Acoustics\u2014Reference Zero for the Calibration of Audiometric Equipment\u2014Part 2: Reference Equivalent Threshold Sound Pressure Levels for Pure Tones and Insert Earphones (Standard No. ISO 389-2:1994)."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2017). Electroacoustics\u2014Audiometric Equipment\u2014Part 1: Equipment for Pure-Tone and Speech Audiometry (Standard No. IEC 60645-1:2017)."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2007). Electroacoustics\u2014Audiometric Equipment\u2014Part 3: Test Signals of Short Duration (Standard No. IEC 60645-3:2007)."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"371","article-title":"The ten-twenty electrode system of the International Federation","volume":"10","author":"Jasper","year":"1958","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3658","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-020-02347-1","article-title":"Normative Values for Auditory Brainstem Responses and Wave V Thresholds in Indian Neonates and Infants","volume":"74","author":"Chhajed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Otolaryngol. Head. Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13151","article-title":"Auditory brainstem maturation in normal-hearing infants born preterm: A meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Stipdonk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e937847","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.937847","article-title":"Latency and interpeak interval values of auditory brainstem response in 73 individuals with normal hearing","volume":"28","author":"Sanfins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanfins, M.D., Santillo, M.E.A., Martins, M.F.P., Silva, D.L.d.S., Gos, E., Skarzynski, P.H., and Hall, J.W. (2026). The Influence of Sex, Ear, and Age on Auditory Brainstem Responses Recorded with the NeuroAudio System. Diagnostics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16070971"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1177\/000348948209100316","article-title":"Effects of conductive hearing loss on auditory brainstem response","volume":"91","author":"McGee","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-4-17","article-title":"Effect of early onset otitis media on brainstem and cortical auditory processing","volume":"4","author":"Maruthy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Funct."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hatzopoulos, S., Ciorba, A., and Skarzynski, P.H. (2019). Otitis media, behavioral and electrophysiological tests and auditory rehabilitation. The Human Auditory System: Basic Features and Updates on Audiological Diagnosis and Therapy, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.77713"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.7874\/jao.2016.20.2.97","article-title":"Age-related maturation of wave V latency of auditory brainstem response in children","volume":"20","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Audiol. Otol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572009000700010","article-title":"The maturational process of the auditory system in the first year of life characterized by brainstem auditory evoked potentials","volume":"17","author":"Amorim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2014.07.014","article-title":"Auditory neural myelination is associated with early childhood language development in premature infants","volume":"90","author":"Amin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(96)01732-X","article-title":"Salamy A: Functional auditory development in preterm and full term infants","volume":"45","author":"Eldredge","year":"1996","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Picton, T.W. (2011). Human Auditory Evoked Potentials, Plural Publishing."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1121\/1.388026","article-title":"Normal hearing thresholds for clicks","volume":"72","author":"Stapells","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e413","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1697006","article-title":"Long-term Effects of Unilateral and Bilateral Otitis Media and Myringotomy on Long-Latency Verbal and Non-Verbal Auditory-Evoked Potentials","volume":"24","author":"Sanfins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1159\/000107468","article-title":"Effects of sex, age and hearing asymmetry on the interaural differences of auditory brainstem responses","volume":"13","author":"Hwang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Audiol. Neurootol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2005.12.003","article-title":"Lateral asymmetry in the ABR of neonates: Evidence and mechanisms","volume":"212","author":"Sininger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1203\/01.pdr.0000196739.16060.0a","article-title":"Early maturation of evoked otoacoustic emissions and medial olivocochlear reflex in preterm neonates","volume":"59","author":"Chabert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-199610000-00009","article-title":"Maturation of human cortical auditory function: Differences between normal-hearing children and children with cochlear implants","volume":"17","author":"Ponton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(95)00179-4","article-title":"Generators of the brainstem auditory evoked potential in cat. II. Correlating lesion sites with waveform changes","volume":"93","author":"Melcher","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20788","article-title":"Sources of auditory brainstem responses revisited: Contribution by magnetoencephalography","volume":"30","author":"Parkkonen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(98)00152-X","article-title":"Gender distinctions and lateral asymmetry in the low-level auditory brainstem response of the human neonate","volume":"126","author":"Sininger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3109\/00206099009081652","article-title":"Head size as a basis of gender difference in the latency of thebrainstem auditory-evoked response","volume":"29","author":"Aoyagi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1974.00780030034006","article-title":"Brain stem auditory evoked responses in human infants and adults","volume":"99","author":"Hecox","year":"1974","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(76)90193-0","article-title":"Postnatal development of human brainstem potentials during the first year of life","volume":"40","author":"Salamy","year":"1976","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(84)90042-X","article-title":"A developmental study on the effect of stimulus rate on the auditory evoked brain-stem response","volume":"59","author":"Lasky","year":"1984","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.60.6.831","article-title":"Development of auditory function in newborn infants revealed by auditory brainstem potentials","volume":"60","author":"Starr","year":"1977","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-199610000-00006","article-title":"Auditory brain stem response generation by parallel pathways: Differential maturation of axonal conduction time and synaptic transmission","volume":"17","author":"Ponton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-199610000-00007","article-title":"Perinatal maturation of the auditory brain stem response: Changes in path length and conduction velocity","volume":"17","author":"Moore","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1080\/14992020701383019","article-title":"The human auditory system: A timeline of development","volume":"46","author":"Moore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.3390\/audiolres14060084","article-title":"Impact of Hearing Loss Type on Linguistic Development in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"14","year":"2024","journal-title":"Audiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2015.05.014","article-title":"Speech auditory brainstem response (speech ABR) in the differential diagnosis of scholastic difficulties","volume":"83","author":"Sanfins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Braz. J. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.26.1.4","article-title":"Continued maturation of the click-evoked auditory brainstem response in preschoolers","volume":"26","author":"Spitzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2011.05.001","article-title":"Functional ear (a)symmetry in brainstem neural activity relevant to encoding of voice pitch: A precursor for hemispheric specialization?","volume":"119","author":"Krishnan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16675","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.16675","article-title":"Hemispheric Asymmetry of Intracortical Myelin Orientation in the Mouse Auditory Cortex","volume":"61","author":"Ruthig","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2007.04.002","article-title":"Early myelination patterns in the brainstem auditory nuclei and pathway: MRI evaluation study","volume":"71","author":"Sano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16056","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1102991108","article-title":"Neural language networks at birth","volume":"108","author":"Perani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12151","article-title":"Neural specialization for speech in the first months of life","volume":"17","author":"Shultz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(93)90062-6","article-title":"Brainstem auditory evoked responses from birth to adulthood: Development of wave amplitude","volume":"68","author":"Jiang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2014.01.020","article-title":"Evaluation of waveform, latency and amplitude values of chirp ABR in newborns","volume":"78","author":"Cebulla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"510","article-title":"Threshold estimation by the auditory brainstem response: A literature metaanalysis","volume":"15","author":"Stapells","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Hood, L.J. (1998). Clinical Applications of the Auditory Brainstem Response, Singular Publishing Group."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/16\/7\/1044\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T17:37:10Z","timestamp":1782236230000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/16\/7\/1044"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["life16071044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life16071044","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]}}}